HYGIENE AND SANITATION 27 
when numerous cause nodular formations on the intestinal wall 
which resemble the lesions of intestinal tuberculosis. 
An enlarged, congested spleen may be associated with the acute 
bacterial septicemias. An enlarged, firm, mottled appearing spleen 
would suggest infectious leukemia. In the latter disease the kid- 
neys are also enlarged and of firmer consistency. Tubercular nod- 
ules may be present. 
A gangrenous or cystic ovary or an ovary exhibiting hard, angular, 
shrunken ova, in the case of the fowl, is practically diagnostic of 
B. pullorum infection. Occasionally gangrene of the ovary may be 
due to some other microorganism. In such cases peritonitis is apt 
to be present. 
The oviduct should be opened and examined for inflammatory 
changes, constrictions, tumors or the condition known as egg bound. 
Normally the lungs are found deflated and closely applied to the 
breast wall. In acute congestion and pneumonia the lungs are 
distended and stand out in a firm position surrounding the heart. 
The pneumonic lung is solidified and will sink in water. Nodular 
growths in the lungs may represent tuberculosis or aspergillosis. 
The former is much less frequently found involving the lungs of 
birds than the abdominal organs. Aspergillar nodules are usually 
accompanied by moldy growths on the mucosa of the bronchioles 
or air sacs. 
In young chickens the trachea and larger bronchi are slit open 
to discover the presence of the red worm, Syngamus trachealis, or 
of aspergillar growths. 
Pericarditis, thickened pericardial fluid or hemorrhagic points 
on the heart indicate a septicemia such as cholera or fowl typhoid. 
The pericardium and also the liver may be covered by a fine white 
deposit consisting of urate of soda crystals in visceral gout, or as 
a result of disturbances of metabolism due to a diseased condition. 
REFERENCES 
1. Kaupp. Poultry diseases and their treatment. Chicago: American 
Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1919. 
2. Pearl, Surface and Curtis. Diseases of poultry. New York: The 
Maemillan Company, 1918. ? 
3. Salmon. Diseases of poultry. Washington: George E. Howard & 
Co. 
4. Salmon. Important poultry diseases. Revised by Gallagher and 
Foster. U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 957, 1918. 
