APOPLECTIFORM SEPTICEMIA AND SLEEPING DISEASE 31 
Manegold in Germany and later by Greve in the same country. 
Symptoms. The symptom most frequently occurring is a more 
or less marked desire to sleep. The hen sits for hours at a time 
with closed eyes and ruffled feathers, with the head bent backward 
in the feathers of the neck. At intervals the bird awakens and opens 
the beak wide as if panting. The conjunctiva, usually of one eye 
only, becomes reddened and markedly swollen. Secretion from the 
conjunctival sac dries on the edges of the lids. Except when the dis- 
ease has a very short duration, the comb and wattles gradually 
become pale. Commonly diarrhea exists for several days and the 
bird dies in a highly emaciated condition. Birds may die suddenly 
after showing symptoms for only a day or less. 
Morbid anatomy. The carcass exhibits the appearances com- 
mon in hemorrhagic septicemia, such as distention of the subcu- 
taneous veins with dark red blood, infiltration of portions of the 
musculature with bloody, watery fluid. There is bloody, shiny, 
viscid fluid in the abdominal cavity and the peritoneum is swollen 
and diffusely reddened. The mucosa of the proventriculus and of 
the intestine is swollen while that of the latter is diffusely red- 
dened. The liver is enlarged, brownish yellow in color and is fri- 
able in texture. It is studded irregularly with dark red hem- 
orrhages. The spleen is enlarged and the capsule is distended while 
the pulp is fragile in texture. The kidneys are swollen and dirty 
yellow in color. The lungs are congested and permeated with nu- 
merous small, dark red hemorrhages and may be edematous. Fi- 
brinous exudate may occur on the costal surfaces of the lungs. 
Punctiform hemorrhages may occur under the epicardium. The 
heart is distended with coagulated blood. The pericardium is often 
distended with pale serous fluid and a tough, fibrous layer of ex- 
udate frequently forms on the pericardium. Smears from the heart 
blood stained with carbol fuchsin are seen to contain chains of 
streptococci. The capsules are also seen distinctly enveloping single 
cocci as well as diplococci. 
Etiology. The streptococcus causing the disease is designated 
Streptococcus capsulatus gallinarum. It differs in the length of the 
chains and in the size of the elements according to the sort of animal 
in which it appears as a natural disease or into which it is inocu- 
lated. These differences occur also in artificial cultivation. In 
animal blood and in fluid media, chains of up to 30 elements are ob- 
served and in sugar bouillon as many as 100 elements may occur. 
The size of the single elements varies between .3 and .5 micron. 
