FOWL TYPHOID AND SIMILAR INFECTIONS 63 
there observed an epizootic like that described by Klein. A large 
number of agencies are responsible for the death of grouse, and 
probably the most important is infestation with Trichostrongylus 
pergracilis as pointed out first by Cobbold. 
QUAIL DISEASE 
Synonym. Colibacillosis tetraonidarum. 
Characterization. Quail disease is an infectious disease which 
according to Morse is caused by a member of the colon group and 
characterized by congestion of the lungs, focal necrosis of the liver 
and ulceration of the intestine. It has been recognized only among 
birds in captivity. 
Species affected. The disease has been observed in the bob- 
white (Colinus virginianus), the California quail (Lophortyx cali- 
fornicus vallicola), the Gambel quail (Lophortyx gambelr), the 
mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus), the scaled quail (Callipepla 
squamata) and the sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocaetes phasianellus 
campestris). 
History. The disease for many years has been observed among 
quail shipped for stocking areas of land and appears during trans- 
portation, or immediately after. It seems evident that the unusual 
conditions and hardships endured during the shipment constitute 
an important factor predisposing to the occurrence of the infection. 
Many outbreaks occur among quail which have been recently cap- 
tured in Mexico. Morse has written an article summing up the 
available information regarding the characteristics of the disease. 
Etiology. Morse reports finding a bacillus of the B. colt group 
present in diseased birds, with striking constancy. Cultures are 
readily isolated from the liver and intestines. It cannot always be 
cultivated from the heart blood of birds dead of the disease, nor 
always from the lungs. 
Pathogenesis. The organism is not pathogenic for chickens, 
pigeons nor rabbits but kills mice and guinea pigs with characteristic 
lesions. Experiments with quail are hindered by the difficulty in 
obtaining birds that have not been exposed to infection. 
Symptoms. The symptoms first become manifest by dullness, 
inappetence and ruffling of the feathers. Death may occur within 
two or three days after the appearance of symptoms. In chronic 
cases emaciation becomes extreme. 
Morbid anatomy. As a rule, the carcass is in good sondaen 
