AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS 95 
Wild birds. Deaths from tuberculosis are frequent among wild 
birds kept in captivity. Out of 459 birds dying in the Berlin 
Zoological Gardens during a given period, 118 or 25.7 per cent were 
tuberculous. The disease was present in specimens belonging to 
10 of the 15 orders of birds represented. The other five orders were 
represented by few specimens, and the observers, Koch and Rabin- 
owitsch, believe that all orders of birds are susceptible. A similar 
examination of 500 birds from the London Zoological Garden re- 
vealed tuberculosis in 30 per cent of the birds dying. 
REFERENCES 
1. Hastings and Halpin. Avian tuberculosis. Univ. of Wis. Agr. Exp. 
Sta. Research Bull. 28, 1913. 
2. Moore. The morbid anatomy and etiology of avian tuberculosis. 
J. Med. Research, n. s. Vol. 6, 1904, p. 521. 
3. Van Es and Schalk. Avian tuberculosis. North Dakota Agr. Exp. 
Sta. Bull. 108. 
4. Ward. Tuberculosis in fowls. Univ. of Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
161, 1904. 
