162 DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED BIRDS 
feeding under close confinement as occurs among fowls fed on corn 
in the winter. 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 
BRONCHITIS 
Fowls are quite frequently affected by a catarrhal inflammation of 
the mucous membrane lining the air passages of the throat and lungs. 
This condition usually results from the extension of inflammation 
from the mouth and nasal chambers. Often birds which have recov- 
ered from avian diphtheria are observed to be affected with bron- 
chitis. This may persist for a short time or become chronic. 
Symptoms, In severe cases the fowl displays a marked difficulty 
in breathing. The neck is more or less straightened out to facilitate 
the passage of air. The breathing is noisy and the fowl may gasp 
in a manner similar to that shown by a chicken affected with gapes. 
The beak may be kept open, and a mucous discharge is given off 
through the mouth. The bird is observed to make efforts to dislodge 
this discharge by shaking the head. 
In less severe or chronic bronchitis the symptoms are not so notice- 
able. There may be only slight difficulty in breathing, accompanied 
by a wheezing sound. The mucous membrane of the bronchi and 
trachea becomes thickened and may show patches of yellowish exu- 
date especially in the two large bronchi. 
Treatment. Since bronchitis is often attributed to exposure to 
cold draughts and dampness these conditions should be corrected. 
Affected birds should be placed in warm quarters, free from air cur- 
rents. Under good hygienic surroundings the attack may pass off 
in a short time. In acute cases the administration of 5 drops of 
wine of ipecac is beneficial. In chronic bronchitis treatment is not 
satisfactory. 
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 
The lungs may become congested as a result of the extension of 
an inflammation from the larger bronchi into the minute air tubes 
and air sacs. The congestion is generally of an acute type. It may 
be induced by the fowl becoming wet and severely chilled. In the 
early stages of pneumonia congestion of the lungs is the most marked 
symptom. ' 
Symptoms. Simple congestion is differentiated from pneumonia 
on post mortem examination by the bright red appearance of the 
