INTERNAL PARASITES 185 
acteristic symptoms. When the bird is very heavily infested, gas 
bubbles are observed in the droppings, and remain visible for some 
time. 
Segments of tapeworms may be found in the feces by careful 
search, and microscopic examination may be utilized for detecting 
the presence of tapeworm eggs. 
Tapeworm infestation in geese has been reported in Germany as 
causing very marked nervous symptoms. The birds walk very lit- 
tle and assume an upright position like that of the penguin. 
Morbid anatomy. In excessive infestation the carcass is anemic 
and emaciated. On slitting the intestine, worms will be found in 
greater or less number 
throughout its whole ex- 
tent between the gizzard 
and the ceca. They are 
attached to the mucosa by 
their heads and may cause 
more or less inflammation. 
j as __ The most serious patho- 
Fic, se ie eae (Raneam! echino- Iooical changes are caused 
by infestation with Davai- 
nea echinobothrida which results in the 
formation of nodules in the intestine. 
This condition has been described by 
Moore under the name of nodular tenia- 
sis. The nodules are most numerous in 
the lower third of the small intestine. 
Exceptionally they occur in the duode- 
num and colon. In severe infestation 
the presence of nodules causes numerous 
protuberances from the serosa, varying 
in size from those barely perceptible, to 
soem, 
elevations 4 mm. high. The color varies ie. 26. Head of Davainea 
from pale or dark yellowish in the larger echinobothrida. Enlarged. 
R 
ones, to the normal gray of the serosa aia 
shown by the smallest ones. Similar elevations are observed on the 
mucosa of the intestine. Small tapeworms occur attached to the 
mucosa over the nodules. Over some of the nodules there are areas 
in which the mucosa has sloughed, leaving ulcers. 
The contents of the larger nodules consist of greenish yellow, ne- 
crotic material which on section has a glistening, homogeneous ap- 
