186 DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED BIRDS 
pearance. Surrounding this, there is a thin layer of infiltrated tis- 
sue. The smaller nodules contain a substance more resembling pus, 
and in these the microscopic study of sections most readily reveals the 
presence of tapeworm heads. The penetration of the intestinal wall 
by the heads induces infiltration and eventually results in the forma- 
tion of nodules. 
Diagnosis. The chief points to be relied upon in diagnosis are 
emaciation, excessive appetite and thirst together with the character- 
istic yellowish-brown color of the droppings.. The detection of.tape- 
worm segments in the feces is best done by immersing the suspected 
white mass in water. If it consists of urates alone, it will be dissi- 
pated in fine granules, while the worm segments will be recognized as 
firm masses. Some of the general symptoms of unthriftiness are 
also indicative of nematode infestation, but in this case the birds 
often pass blood. Ultimate decision will rest upon the information 
Fic. 27. Hymenolepis lanceolata. Natural size, in a medium state of extension. 
(Railliet ) 
yielded by an autopsy. The intestine should be opened while im- 
mersed in warm water, to facilitate recognition of the worms. They 
will be found attached to the mucosa, and vary in size from micro- 
scopic objects to worms four or five inches long. 
Treatment. Turpentine is held in high repute as a teniafuge 
and has the additional advantage of expelling round worms also. 
The fowls are fasted for twenty-four hours during which time 
they should receive a dose of Epsom salts. One teaspoonful of salts 
is allowed for each bird, the whole being dissolved in warm water and 
mixed with mash. Greater accuracy of dosage will be assured if the 
dose is administered directly to each bird. The most convenient sys- 
tem of carrying out the vermifuge treatment is to withhold food in 
the morning and give the salts in the evening. The following morn- 
ing the turpentine should be given in a dose of from one to two 
teaspoonfuls per fowl. Owing to the offensive qualities of turpen- 
tine it is not possible to give it in food, but it must be administered 
to each bird individually. The most expeditious method is to inject 
the dose directly into the crop with a hypodermic syringe. A slower 
