192 DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED BIRDS 
FLUKES 
General nature. Trematodes (flukes) are hermaphroditic worms 
possessing suckers by which they become attached to the mucosa of 
the intestine of the host. The intestinal tract ends blindly without 
an anus. In the temperate zone they are generally harmless and 
uncommon parasites. 
Species and hosts. Neumann states that Echinostomum echin- 
atum occurs in the fowl, duck, goose and swan; HL. conoideum in the 
fowl, duck and goose; HE. recurvatum in the fowl and duck; Clino- 
stomum commutatum in the fowl, turkey and pigeon; Notocotyle ver- 
rucosa in the fowl, duck and goose. Bunodera linearis has been re- 
ported in the fowl alone, Cyclocelum mutabile in the turkey alone, 
while Holostomum gracile and H. spherocephalum occur in the 
duck alone. 
THORN HEADED WORMS 
Three species of the genus Hchinorhynchus occur in ducks but only 
one has been reported as causing injury. 
Echinorhynchus polymorphus is fusiform in shape and colored or- 
ange red. The anterior extremity of the worm is provided with an 
ovoid proboscis armed with eight rows of hooks. The male worm 
measures 4 to 6 mm. in length while the female varies from 15 to 25 
mm. inlength. The worms usually are fixed firmly to the wall of the 
intestine. 
Before opening the intestine the serous surface of the same is 
seen to be covered with numerous nodules, the centers of which are 
orange colored. On opening the intestine the mucosa is found 
studded with worms of the same color attached by their anterior ex- 
tremities. Their presence sets up a severe inflammation of the mu- 
cosa and causes the formation of the nodules on the serous surface. 
The condition described often causes diarrhea, emaciation and 
anemia. 
The same species occurs in the swan. J. filicollis and E. spero- 
cephalus are found in the duck. 
FLAGELLATES 
Flagellated protozoan organisms constitute a small number of 
forms parasitic in the intestines of birds. These are nucleated 
bodies provided with one or more flagella and sometimes possess an 
undulating membrane. Neumann lists the following species: Tri- 
chomonas eberthi has been observed in the glands of Lieberkuhn of 
a duck and in a goose. It is little known and without pathogenic 
