EXTERNAL PARASITES 209 
(Goniocotes hologaster), the large hen louse (Gontocotes abdomi- 
nalis), the brown chicken louse (Goniodes dissimilis) ; on turkeys, 
the large turkey louse (Goniodes stylifer) and the slender tur- 
key louse (Inpeurus meleagridis). The common body louse and 
the shaft louse of chickens sometimes are found on the turkey. 
On ducks Docophorus icterodes and Lipeurus temporalis are com- 
mon; on geese a variety of D. icterodes; on pigeons the slender 
pigeon louse (Lipeurus baculus) and the broad pigeon louse (Goni- 
ocotes compar) cause most of the harm from lice. 
Neumann lists 6 species as occurring on the pheasant as follows: 
Lipeurus variabilis, Goniodes colchicus, G. truncatus, Goniocotes 
chrysocephalus, Menopon productum, and M. biseriatum; on the pea- 
fowl, Goniodes falcicornis, G. parviceps, 
Gomiocotes rectangulatus and Menopon 
pheostomum; 6n the guinea-fowl, Lipeurus 
numide, Gontodes numidianus, Goniocotes 
rectangulatus, Menopon numide and Lipeu- 
rus variabile of the fowl. In addition to 
the two species listed by Bishopp and Wood 
as important lice on the pigeon in the United 
States, Neumann mentions Goniodes minor, 
G. damicornis, Menopon giganteum, M. sei . ee ee 
longicephalum, Liotheum longicaudum and” ty ee " ohn. 
M. biseriatum of fowls as occurring on opp and Wood) 
pigeons; on geese, Lipeurus crassicorms, L. 
anseris, Trinoton anseris and T. lituratum; on ducks, L. anatis, T. 
luridum and Menopon obscurum; on swans, Ornithonomus cygnt, 
Philopterus cygni and Trinoton anseris of the goose. 
The terms head louse, body louse, wing louse, ete., as applied to 
the lice of fowls indicate where the various species are found in 
greatest numbers and where their structure best adapts them to live. 
Thus the head louse exhibits a preference for the head but is occa- 
sionally found on the feathers of the wings. Some lice are adapted 
to live on the skin only, while others occur on the feathers as much 
as an inch from the skin. 
Life history. In general, lice spend their whole life on one host. 
All the finer details of the life history of lice have not been worked 
out. The eggs, attached to the feathers are commonly known as nits. 
In the case of the head louse they hatch in four or five days. The 
young, after molting the skin several times, reach the adult stage in 
17 to 20 days. 
