THE HEAD. 



and behind, and deprived of aveoli in its external 

 border; neither is there any incisive foramen. 

 It is rarely consolidated with the adjacent bones, 

 and is never, in the smaller ruminants, articu- 

 lated with the nasal bone. 



9. Palate bone. — This bone is very developed 

 in the Ox, and noticeable for the considerable 

 extent of the palatine portion of its externid sur- 

 face. The palatine canal is entirely channeled 

 out in its subotiince. The palatine crest, viry 

 thin aijd elevated, is formed altogether by the 

 posterior border of the palate bono, the ptery- 

 goid, and the subsphenoidal process. There is 

 no excavation for the sphenoidal sinuses; but, 

 instead, all that part of the bone whicli enters 

 into the roof of the palate is hollowed by irre- 

 gular cavities which communicate with the max- 

 illary sinus of the same side. The nasal foramen 

 is very wide. In tlie Sheep and Goat, the maxil- 

 lary sinuses do not extend to them. 



10. Pterygoid bone. — The pterygoid of the Ox, 

 Sheep, and Goat is very large, and closes an aper- 

 ture left between tlie sphenoid and pnlate bones. 



11. Zygoma. — The jugal bone ofSuminants is 

 very developed. The zygomatic crest is no 

 longer formed by the posterior border of the bone, 

 but is carried to the posteiior part of the external 

 face, and runs parallel with the eyebrow. The 

 summit is bifurcated, the anterior branch form- 

 ing a buttress against the summit of the orbital 

 process of the frontal bone, while the posterior 

 articulates with the temporal. 



12. Lachrymal bone. — The lachrymal bone, 

 much more extensive than that of the Horse, forms 

 in the bottom of the orbit an enormous protube- 

 rance, hollowed internally by the maxillary sinus, 

 and whose walls are so thin and fragile that the 

 slightest jar is sufBcient to cause their fracture 

 (in the skeleton). It would be convenient to 

 designate it the lachrymal protuberance.^ In the 

 smaller ruminants, the inferior region of the exter- 

 nal face shows a depression, the lachrymal fossa. 



13. Nasal bones. — The nasal bones of the. Ox 

 are never consolidated with each other, nor yet 

 with the neighbouring bones. The external border 

 only comes in contact to a smaU extent with the 

 supermaxillary bone; the superior extremity is 

 fixed in the notch of the inferior border of the 

 frontal bone. At their inferior extremity, they 

 each present a notch which divides them into two 

 points. 



In the Sheep and Goat the nasal spine is 

 unifid, as in ttie Horse. 



14. Turbinated bones. — In the Ox, the eth- 

 moidal turbinated bone is very small, and united 

 to the nasal bone by the two borders of its osseous 

 plate ; its internal cavity entirely belongs to the 

 frontal sinus. The maxillary turbinated bone is 

 very developed, and is joined to the bone which 

 sustains it at a later period than in the Horse. 

 The bony lamina of which it is composed is curved 



' Girard, who named this eminence the orbital 

 protuberance, wrongly described it as belonging 

 to the supermaxillary bone. 



53 



Fig. 30. 



MEDIAIt AND VERTICAL SECTION OF 

 THE ox's HEAD. 



1, Condyloid foramen; 1', Posterior ori- 

 fice of the occipital lateral canal 

 joining the parieto-temporal canal 

 in front ; 2, Internal auditory hiatus ; 

 3, Anterior foramen lacerum ; 4, Pos- 

 terior ditto; 5, Intra-cranial orifice 

 of the parieto-temporal canal; 6, 6, 

 Median bony plate separating the 

 frontal sinuses; 7, Lamina which iso- 

 lates the sphenoidal sinus ; 8, Lamina 

 partitioning the palatine portion of 

 the maxillary sinuses , 9, Oval fora- 

 men; 10, Optic fossa; 11, Vomer; 

 12, Pterygoid bone ; 13, Large open- 

 ing leading into the maxillary sinus, 

 and which, in the fresh state, is closed 

 by the pituitary membrane ; 14, Max- 

 illary turbinated bone, 15, Ethmoidal 

 turbinated bone; 16, Great ethmoid." L 

 cell. 



