THE UBINABY APPABATUS. 497 



superposed pjrramid of Ferrein; they terminate, towards the hilus, by a cone or renal 

 papilla, each surrounded by a calyx, and are separated by small prolongations of the 

 cortical substance — the columnse Bertini. 



2. Ureters. — The canals are disposed at their origin as in the Ox ; they terminate as 

 in the other animals. In the hilus of the kidney are from eight to fifteen prolongations or 

 calices, which unite into a larger cavity oi great calyx, that finally opens into the renal 

 pelvis ; this is immediately followed by the ureter. 



3. Bladder. — The large extremity of this organ is directed downwards in the bottom of 

 the pelvis, where it is continuous with the urethral canal ; its summit is directed upwards, 

 and is frequently pointed. Its mode of attachment and internal conformation are the 

 same as in animals; and, as in the Horse, the peritoneum envelops it very incompletely. 

 The muscular fibres are arranged into three planes : a superficial, which forms a band 

 that is carried from the anterior to the posterior face in passing over the summit ; a 

 middle plane whose fibres are circular ; and a deep plane with reticulated fibres. 



Supra-renal capsules. — This name is quite appropriate to these bodies, as in Man, or 

 at least in the foetus, they form a kind of helmet that covers the upper part of the 

 kidney. 



There is nothing to add respecting tlieir structure. 



