APPENDIX I 335 
(c) Private baggage, tent, and instruments of European. 
(¢) Spare ammunition for escort, and spare sporting ammunition. 
(e) Cloth for payments in the interior, a large cooking-pot for the men, 
and miscellaneous extras. 
Although it is advisable to allow for a day’s water being carried on any 
Somali expedition, we will neglect water-supply in the present calculation. 
It is fully gone into in Example II. 
The rations for a caravan follower are 1 1b. rice, 4 1b. dates, and 2 oz. 
ghee (clarified butter) per man per diem. 
The dates are sold at Aden and Berbera, compressed into a solid mass. 
They are good eating even for a European, when fairly fresh, and they 
keep in good condition for a few months. 
The ghee is required for mixing with the daily allowance of boiled rice. 
In the early days of our Protectorate the ghee-ration was fixed for 
Government followers at 1 oz., but as nearly all the complaints and 
caravan-troubles were traced to insufficiency of ghee, my brother and I 
gave 2 oz. in our later expeditions, and then everything went smoothly. It 
will be found that the ghee disappears quickly, being the most popular 
part of the ration ; the dates come next, and the rice last. Dates often 
come in handy when a native has to be sent on a two or three days’ 
errand through the bush. : 
It has been my custom to take into the interior a spring-balance or 
steelyard reading to about 90 lbs., and every fortnight to check the 
consumption of rice, dates, and ghee in bulk. A gallon measure and a 
pair of small scales should not be forgotten. 
Daily at the camps several natives will appear at about meal-time as 
self-constituted guests. To such it should be explained politely, but 
firmly, that there is water in the well and grass upon the plain, but no 
food in camp for loafers. A present of a pinch of tobacco will turn the 
applicant into a friend for life. 
It is desirable, however, to set aside a proportion for necessary guests, 
and after calculating the rations for the members of the expedition I 
usually add the following :—Rice, 4; Dates, 4; Ghee, 4. 
The rice-ration for 14 Somalis for 42 days will be 588 lbs. ; add 4 for 
guests, and we have 686 lbs. Rice is sold in bags containing each about 
170 lbs. ; and before starting each bag should, for convenience of loading, 
be broken up into three long sausage-shaped bags, called loghs. Two 
bags of-rice, or six Zoghs, make a camel-load. 
Thus we have, rice, 2 camel-loads. The dates-ration for 14 Somalis 
for 42 days will be 294 lbs.; add 4 for guests, and we have 368 
lbs. 
Dates are sold by the gosra, weighing about 130 lbs., enclosed in a 
rough reed basket or bag. For convenience of transport this is divided 
into two parts, and two gosras, or four half gosras, go upon one camel, 
Thus we have, dates, 14 camel-loads. 
The ghee ration for 14 Somalis for 42 days will be 1176 oz. ; add 4 
for guests, and we have 1764 oz., or 110 lbs. ‘he ghee is sold by the 
gumba, a goatskin-bag closed at the mouth by a framework of sticks and 
a lump of clay. Each gumba contains 25 Ibs. ghee or less. We will 
suppose the 110 Ibs. ghee is carried in five gumbas, weighing with their 
contents 145 lbs. Thus we have, ghee, 4 camel-load. 
It tends to cheerfulness if a small supply of native coffee, tobacco, and 
