APPENDIX 1 347 
suitable oil per month should be carried for each trotting camel. It is a 
peculiarity of these camels that a large maggot is often found filling up 
the nostril, and when it becomes so large as to impede breathing the 
nostril is drenched with oil, and the maggot, sometimes half an inch thick 
and over an inch long, tumbles out. 
In @ long trip, such as is given in Example III, a rapid survey of 
the route would probably be made. I recommend the following instru- 
ments :— 
Boiling-point thermometer and aneroid barometer. 
Comnion thermometer. 
Note-books. 
6-inch transit theodolite. 
Prismatic compass and stand. 
First-class astronomical watch. 
Two common watches. 
I found the theodolite infinitely more handy than the sextant, and 
think the traverse, often at the rate of twenty-five miles a day, too rapid 
for comfortable plane-table work. The tribesmen, too, would probably 
object to the imposing plane-table and strained square of paper. The 
theodolite is also an imposing instrument, but it would be most used for 
star observations at night, when natives would be away from camp. Of 
the smaller instruments, duplicates should be taken, Instructions on 
surveying are to be found in the Royal Geographical Society’s publication, 
Hints to Travellers, and practical lessons in this and other special subjects 
are given under the auspices of the same Society. 
When arranging for an expedition in which water has to be carried, 
12-gallon casks should be taken out to Aden, or bought beforehand in 
Aden by letter. It will be advantageous to be able to padlock them, 
and for the bunghole to be large enough for a man’s arm to be passed 
in when cleaning the cask. I recommend common casks, for I have 
taken different shapes of specially-designed water-vessels suited (in theory) 
for camel transport ; but Somalis, who are good judges, say camels do 
well with a pair of large common casks. It is worth remembering that 
wooden or plaited bark water dns, carrying on an average seven gallons, 
are to be had at Berbera (costing about 4 rupees). They go four to six on 
a camel, and being light, twenty-eight gallons can easily be carried in 
one load. But owing to incessant leakage, and to breaking, through the 
falling of camels and knocking against trees, there is a great loss of water. 
On the other hand, if the casks are good, one is sure of the twenty-four 
gallon load, and the supply can be accurately controlled. Casks should 
be filled with water over-night and allowed to stand by the well-side 
before a long waterless journey, so that the wood of the casks may have 
time to swell. Casks which have lost no water by morning may he 
trusted, and those which have leaked should be filled again and marked, 
so that they may be the first to be drawn upon on the march. 
In one of my long trips I took forty-four water hdns, but they caused 
so much vexation through leakage and so much expense for repairs, that 
I resolved never to use them again when I could get casks. In buying 
hans it should be noted that drinking-water for Europeans should be 
carried in wooden Adns, as they taint the water much less than the bark 
ones. I recommend, for water-bottles, common quart whisky-bottles, 
which can be slipped into a leather case provided with a sling, so that 
