APPENDIX I 349 
On important and distant expeditions it may be worth while to take 
w folding boat, in order to be independent of the avaricious river negroes, 
who will strike for higher wages if they think you depend on their help. 
When fitting out an expedition which may in the course of the journey 
have to change to mule or human transport, as would occur at Harar or 
in parts of Gallaland, it may be worth considering whether the loads 
should not be capable of subdivision. Thus the boxes recommended for 
holding European stores, if not very full and made a little lower, would 
weigh about 55 lbs. Four of these would conveniently go on a camel, 
two on a mule, one on a man. 
“No work, no pay” should be the rule for jungle tribesmen, but in 
the wilder parts of Somaliland it has hitherto been the custom for passing 
caravans to make small presents to the heads of clans for the privilege 
of going through the country. This payment is something similar to the 
Masai hongo. ‘The etiquette is for a dozen horsemen or so to arrive from 
a distance and perform equestrian games (dibddtig) ; afterwards the per- 
formers and one or two elders are given presents, and then the caravan is 
free to goon its way. In the territory of tribes I know I make the present 
very small, say one red shawl and half a tobe to each horseman, and I 
give a display with blank cartridge with the men formed up in skirmishing 
order, as a return compliment, which is always appreciated. 
In expeditions to Ogddén and Gallaland I recommend that Sheikh 
Mattar of Hargeisa, if met with on the way, be asked to write Arabic 
letters of introduction to Mahomedan sheikhs and mullahs. He is 
widely known, and has often helped me in this way. He has also 
assisted me by taking care of loads which I have had, on occasions, to 
leave temporarily at Hargeisa. 
Sometimes it may be worth while to hire extra camels (at 1 1upee 
per diem for a camel and 4 rupee for a man) for the first few days of 
a journey. In my calculation I make no allowance for trophies, because 
as a trip goes on the food-loads lighten. 
As regards arrangements for the security of a caravan, I consider 
that unless the escort is well in hand and thoroughly up to its duties it 
will be worse than useless when an emergency arises. Ido not believe 
in engaging a certain proportion of the men for the special purpose of 
forming the escort. If so engaged they will refuse to do all other 
work, and will give themselves airs over the camelmen and servants. I 
have tried the system, and found it lead to jealousy and the shirking 
of duties. 
In most of my expeditions I have engaged my men as headman, 
camelmen, servants, and guides, having first explained that every 
Somali of the caravan will take his share in the common _ defence. 
When I have been making up my caravans I have first calculated the 
number of servants I require, and engaged them myself, satisfying 
myself on the spot that each either understands the use of a rifle or 
is capable of soon learning it. The headman has been present, so 
that if he has any personal objection to any of the men he may state it. 
I have then told the headman to bring up for engagement the number 
of camelmen I require, allowing him to choose his own friends; and if 
I find that any of these are unfit to be trusted with fire-arms I discard 
them, and tell the headman to bring others in their place. To each 
man I explain the special duties he is engaged for, and the duties which 
