DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE OEGANS. 91 



United States. It occurs in the intestine and probably occasions 

 little damage as a rule, except when present in large numbers, in 

 which case it will probably be found in the droppings. The symp- 

 toms occasioned by it are rather obscure and are such as might arise 

 from a- number of other causes, namely, colicky pains, depraved ap- 

 petite, diarrhea or constipation, and general unthriftiness. In a 

 general way, the presence of parasites may be suspected when an 

 animal shows no, fever but is unthrifty, debilitated, and shows dis- 

 ordered bowel movements in cases where there is no evident explana- 

 tion in the way of feed, care, and surroundings. 



TreatTnent for the removal of this worm consists in the use of 

 anthelmintics such as tartar emetic, turpentine, and carbon bisulphid, 

 but as these remedies are essentially poisons intended to kill the 

 worm, and as their use by persons unused to determining conditions 

 unfavorable for their use is dangerous and likely to result in the 

 death of the animal or in permanent injury to the kidneys or other 

 organs, it is advisable to call in a veterinarian in such cases. 



PiNWOEM {Oxyuris eqm). — This is a rather large worm (PI. V, 

 fig. 1),. somewhat smaller than the foregoing and readily distin- 

 guishable • from it by the presence of a long, slender tail. It also 

 occurs generally throughout the United States, and except when 

 present, in large numbers probably does very little damage. It in- 

 habits the large intestine and hence is difficult to reach with medicines 

 administered by the mouth. The use of a half ounce of gentian 

 on the feed night and morning for a week has been recommended, 

 but the use of rectal enemas will give more prompt and perhaps more 

 certain results. These enemas may be made up with one or two table- 

 spoonfuls of salt to the pint, or infusions of quassia chips, a half 

 pound to the gallon of water, and injected into the rectum once or 

 twice a day. . .. , 



Stomach worms or the hokse {Hahronema spp.).: — ^These worms 

 (PI. V, fig. 4) occur in nodules in the mucous lining of the horse's 

 stomach and are credited with doing more or less damaga. Their 

 presence is not likely to be diagnosed in the present state of our 

 knowledge, but in case their presence is determined or suspected in 

 connection with the summer sores noted later, tartar emetic is recom- 

 mended. At least one of these worms has an intermediate stage in 

 the ordinary housefly, the fly becoming infested while it is a larva 

 developing in horse manure. Obviously, therefore, any measures 

 looking toward the eradication of the fly or the proper disposal of 

 manure will aid in the control and eradication of this worm. The 

 United States Bureau of Entomology has shown that fly maggots 

 travel downward through a manure pile as it comes time for the 

 maggot to enter the ground and pupate, and an excellent maggot 



