VANESSA ANTIOPA LINN. 469 



Seudder, S. H. 



'74. Butterflies attracted by Lamplight. Psyche, vol. 1, p. 28. 



Seitz, A. 



'91. Allgemeine Biologie der Schmetterlinge. Zool. Jahrb.l Abt. f. Syst., Bd. 5, pp. 281-343. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII. 



Fig. 1. Photograph of Vanessa antiopa resting on level ground in bright sunlight and showing negative photo- 

 tropism. The sunlight, as the shadows of the wings show, comes from above and behind the butterfly; 



Fig. 2. Photograph of Vanessa antiopa oriented in full sunlight as in Figure 1. This photograph includes part 

 of the shadow of the photographer on the left. The imaginary shadow of his vertical axis is drawn as a 

 black line within his own shadow. If transferred to the butterfly, as seen in the black line to the right, 

 it coincides with the longitudinal axis of this animal. Since the sun is behind the photographer the 

 butterfly is oriented with its head away from the source of light, that is, it is negatively phototropic. 



