56 MA^IMALIA. 



these crests are considerably elevated, and extend laterally to the auricular foramina. Another extends across 

 the vertex, and then assumes a bifurcal form, as in tlie Lion, above the forehead in two lateral branches, 

 which proceed as far as the external side of the upper edp^e of the orljits. These little crests are decisively 

 marked, and form an equilateral trian^-le with the upper edD;e of the orbital foramina. The head is formed 

 liki' tlie linlf of a pyramid, and the auricular foramina are placed so considerably above the palatine bones, 

 that a liiir let down from the former tn the internal edf^e of the ossa pala(hia,v,'0\:ih\ form, with a horizontal 

 line, an am^le of twenty-live deiirees." It varies to about thirty dej^'rees. 



All the above modifications have immediate reference to the immense size of the canines, which nerpssitates a 

 proportional developement of the jaws, and the hi;;li cranial ridges to furnish attachment to muscles of snllicienl; 

 power tu WiirK them. The <.")uran:^s do not cut their hu;^e permanent teeth until nearly full j^rown.*] 



In the other Ourangs, tliu arms descend otdy to the hnrcs. Tlioy liave no forehead, and their 

 cranii.ini rrtrrats iiniiirdiatcly frnui tlie crest oi^ tlie e}X'hruw. Tin.' name uf (.'himpaxzke niinht Ijc 

 exclusively applied to theni. 



Sim, troglodiiies, Lin. [Troffhuli/fcs y/ii/'-r of otliers], — Co\'ered v\ith blaek or brown hair, scanty in fi-otit; [a 

 wlnte markino; on the rump]. If the reports of travellers can be relied on, this animal must equal or be superior 

 in size to iMan. [The skeleton of an adult female in London is considerably smaller.] It inhabits Guinea 

 anil Coni^-o, lives in troops, constructs huts of branches, arms itself with clubs and stones, and thus repulses 

 Man and Elephants ; pursues ami abducts, it is said, nefi;ro womenf, &c. NaturaUstshave c:enerally confounded it 

 with the Ouraii^-outanc;. In domestication it is very docile, and readily learns to walk, sit, and eat like a man. 

 [It is much more a ground animal than the Ouran^s, and runs on its lower extremities without dilliculty. holding 

 up the arms. Is of a lively and active disposition. The facial an^^le of the adult about tliirty-Iive def;;rees. 

 By the 2;eneral consent of livin^; naturalists, the Chimpanzee is placed next to yian in the system, precedin;; 

 the f)uran2;s, which it exceeds in o;eneral approximation to the human form.] 



From the forcu;(iing groups arc now separated 



The Gibboxs {UyMnfp^, Illigcr),— 

 Which, together ^vith the hmg arms of the Oarangs, and the receding forehead of the Chimpanzee, 

 possess [all of them] callosities on tlie battnrks like the true Monkeys ; differing, however, from the 

 latter in having no tail or clicck-pouclies. All of them inhalht the most eastern part of India, and 

 its archipelago. 



The Onko Gibbon (.SV»(. /(/r, Lin.)— [This name is now by general consent appHed tn the rie\t species, the 

 present one being; distinj^uished as//. Rajllcsu, Geof.] Black, with white hairs round the face. 



[The Lar Gibbon of Linna?QS (//. /'Tr, Geof.) — Black, with white hands and feet, and a white eir<:le round the 

 face. Is identical with H. alhiinanus, W'S,. and Horsf., and jirobalily with 11. i:aricg<il<i,-;, Kuhl, which sceujs tu 

 differ only in colour, beimi; brown where the other is black. 



Tlie Hoolock Gibbon {H. /loolock, Harlan). — Black, marked with white across the forehead. 



The Coromandel Gibbon {//. choromaiidus, (.);2:ilby).^("h' a dingy pah- brown, with black hair and whiskers.] 



The Wou-wou Gibbon (.S". aijUis, Lin.)^Brown, the circle round the face and lower part of the back, pa'.e 

 fulvous [with also some white around the visage]. The young are of a uniform yellowish white. Its agility is 

 extreme; it lives in pairs, and its name Wou-ivou is d. rived from its cry. 



The Gray Gibbon {-S*. leucisca, Schreb.) — Gray, with dark crown, and white beard and whiskers ; the visage 

 black. It lives among the reeds, and climbs up the highest stems of the bamboos, where it balances itself by its 

 long arms. 



We might separate from tlie other Gibbons 



The Siamang (-S. ^■iiiidachila, Kalhes), which has the second and third toes of the hind foot united by a naiTow 

 membrane, the whole length of the first phalanx [a character which now and then occurs in some of the others, 

 but in the present species is constant]. It is wholly black, with the chin and eyebrows rufous [and the throat 

 bare] ; lives in numerous troops, which are cnmbuted by vigilant and courageous chiefs, which, at sunrise and 

 sunset, make the forest resound with frightful cries. Its larynx ha^^ a membranous sac connectcil with it. 



[All the above are mild and gentle animals in domestication, of extremely delicate coustitutions when bi-ought 

 to our climate]. 



The remaining Monkey-like animals of the ancient continent have the liver tlividcd into several 



• Ic miy be rcmnrket! ^i^iicrdlly, that, with tlie poBscssion of for- 

 midable ciinine.s, QiiadTiimiitin acquire aconscioosness of their cffii^iicy 

 as wetipons, wliicli reniicrs them impatient of Ihiit coiLtroul, more par- 

 tjeulrirly if ba9C<:l on fear, lo which they had previously been sub- 

 missive. Chnstisement then excites their ire ruther than affrights 

 them ; and if they cannot grntify tliclr rage, they will pine and die. 

 They require, in short, different tresitment. An adnli male Mandrill, 

 which was long exhibited in London, would perform various feats 

 indicative of intelligence, if bribed to do .so by the nfTer of ita trivourite 

 beverage. The notitin thiU the species with prominent niuz/.les are 

 therefore less intelligent, rC'iuires niodiliLalion, The developement 

 l{ brain, in all the Simhe, as compared witli that of Man, is arrested 

 at a particular stage of advancement ; but it does not follow that 



till- g-ronth uf l\u' other parts— that Is, the dcvch-.pcment of the other 

 systems— should cease simullaneously ; on the cuntrarv, this proceeds 

 to n variable extent in different speiies, and the projection of the 

 muzzle, with its accompaniments, appears lo increase in proporiii.ii 

 to tlie stiUure ultimately attained ; bo that the adults of the smaller 

 species arc, in this respect, analogous to partially developed speci- 

 mens of Hie larger, which correspond in disposition until they actiuire 

 the strength and armature of w 

 them to resent affronts, and 

 tamper with. The DuboOns a 

 ([uickness of apprehensiim, hr 

 ■j- Very highly improbable.^ 



