132 MAMMALIA. 



They are naturally stupid and ferocious ; frequent marshy places ; subsist on herbage and the branches 

 of trees ; have a simple stomach, very long intestines, and great coscum. 



The Indian Rhinocoros (Rh. inifirits, Cuv.)- — In addition to its twenty-eip;ht grinders, tliis species has two stout 

 incisive teeth in each jaw, together with two other intermediate smaller ones below, and two still more diminutive 

 outside of its upper incisors. It has only one horn, and its skin is remarkable for the deep folds into which it is 

 thrown behind and acruss the shoulders, and before and across the thighs. It inhabits the Kast Indies, and 

 chiefly beyond the Ganges. 



Tlie Javanese Rhinoceros (fiA.;Vi''rt»M, Cuv.),— with the great inrisors and single hnrn of the precedins", has 

 fewer folds in the skin, though one of them on the neck is larger; and, what is reniarkal.ile, the entire ^kin is 

 rnvered with sr|uare angular tubercles, [as is also the case, to a partial extent, in the preceding ; from which it 

 further differs in having a comparatively slender head]. 



Tlie Siimatran Rhinoceros {Rh. sumatrcuf^is, Cuv.),— with the same four great incisors as the foregoing, lias no 

 folds to the skin, which is besiiles hairy, and there is a second horn behind the lirst. 



Tlie African Rhinoceros (Rh. africanus, Cuv.) [or rather Rhinoceroses, three species of them being now ascer- 

 tained]. — Two hoins as in the preceding; and no folds of the skin, nor any incisor teeth, the molars occupying 

 nearly the whole length of the jaw. This deficiency of incisors might warrant a separation from the others. [The 

 Great Uliinoceros (JUi. ftimiis, Iturchell), which considerably exceeds in size any of the others, is furlher distin- 

 guished by its pale colour, its very long and straight anterior horn, and remarkably short hind one, and particu- 

 larly by the form of its upper lip, which is not capable of elongation, and a certain degree of preliension, as in all 

 tlie others : it is the most gregarious of any, and also the most innlfensive, frequenting the open karoos. The 

 common Cape Rhinoceros [Rh. africanus or cnpensis) is darker, with also unequal horiis, the posterior being 

 shorter ; and the Ketloa Rhinoceros {Rh. ketloa), recently discovered by Dr. Smith, is an animal of solitarj- habits, 

 with horns of equal length, reputed to exceed the rest in ferocity.*] 



There have been found, under ground, in Siberia and different parts of Germany, the bones of a double-horned 

 Rhinoceros, the skull of which, besides being much more elongated than in any known exi.sting species, is further 

 distinguished by a bony vertical partition that supported the bones of the nose. It is an extinct animal ; but of 

 which a carcase, almost entire, exposed by the thawing of the ice on the banks of the Vilhoui in Siberia, showed 

 to have been co\'ered with tolerably thick hair. It is possible, therefore, that it inhabited northern climates, like 

 the fossil Elephant. 



More recently there have been disinterred, in Tuscany and Lomhardy, other Rhinoceros bones, which appear 

 to have belonged to a species allied to the African. Some have been found, in Germany, with incisors like the 

 Asiatic ^ipecies ; and lastly, there have been discovered, in France, the bones of one which announce a size scarcely 

 larger than a Pig. [It appears that several of the fossil species were destitute of the nasal horn.] 



The Daman's {Hyrax, Hemiann) — ■ 

 Were long placed among the Rodentia, on account of their very small size; but, on examining 

 them carefully, it will be found that, cxceiiting the horn, they are little else than Rhinoceroses in 

 miniature; at least they luive quite similar molars ; but the n[)per jaw has two stout incisors curved 

 downwards, and, during youth, two very' small canines ; the inftjciur four incisors, witlnHit anv 

 canines. They have four toes to each of their fore-feet, and three to the hind-feet, all, excepting the 

 innermost posterior, which is armed with a crooked and oblique nail, terminated l)y a kind of verj' small, 

 thin, and rounded hoof. The muzzle and ears are short : they are covered with hair, and have only 

 a tubercle in [ilace of a tail. The stomach is divided into two sacs ; their ccecum is ver\' large, and the 

 colon has several dilatations, and is also furnished with two appendages about the middle, analogous to 

 the two cceca of birds. 



Only one species is known, the size of a Rabbit, and greyish : it is not uncommon m rocky places throughout 

 Africa, where it is much preyed on by rapacious birds, and it also appears to inhabit some parts of Asia; at 

 least we cannot perceive any certain difference between the Hjirax capcns^is and //. .s;jr\acus. [Five, if not six, are 

 now conclusively established ; one of which, indigenous to South Africa, even ascends trees.] 



The Pal.eotherutm, Cuv. — ■ 

 Is another htst genus : with the same grinders as the two preceding, six incisors and two canines to 

 each jaw as in the Tapirs, and three visible toes to each foot, it combined a short tleshy trunk, for the 

 muscles of which the bones of the nose were shortened, leaving a deep notch underneath. We have 

 discovered the bones of this genus, mingled with those of the Anoplothcrium, in the gypsum quarries 

 in the environs of Paris, and they occur in several other parts of France; [also, with those of the 

 Ch(eropotamits, Dichohune, &c., other lost genera of Pachydennata, in the Binstead quarries of the 

 Isle of M'ight, England], 



i fine spccinien of whit:h la I Africa, wliich arc distinpuishcrt there hy separate nomes ■ one o( tbcm 

 rcCL-ivc-d iiiformiitiuii.frofn ia simcrl to have only a siriyk- houi.— Kd. 



