MAMMALIA. 151 



TTie Lcmuria are mostly distint|:uisheci by a vulpine muzzle, with separated incisors in the upper jaw, those of 

 thf lower directed horizontally forward, as are also the inferior canines, which the author reckoned as a third pair 

 of incisors. Their cheek-teeth are often sharply tnberculated ; and the doubling; down of the ears in some, the 

 character of the fur, the particular structure of the female reproductive organs, nocturnal habits, and a variety of 

 other characters, forcibly recall to mind the insectivorous Bats. Amonj? them, the genus Cheirogaleus is remark- 

 able for the total absence of superior canines; nnd that of Cheiromi/s for havinj^ rodent canines, which pass 

 throup^h the intermaxillary bones, and supply the place of incisors, which are alto;,^ether wantine;. 



The Cheiroptera have never more than four incisors to the upper jaw, but commonly six below, which is the 

 normal complement. Among-st their less obvious distinctive characters from the other Primates^ may be mentioned 

 the constant absence of any ccecum, and the presence of a small os penis within the glans, but different from that 

 of ordinary occurrence among the fecundates. Tliey are born with their eyes closed. Following the fancy of 

 Linnaeus in applying the name Lemvr to the preceding group, we propose to designate the two principal divisions 

 of Cheiroptera., — Ilarpijdia and i^pectra, which, in various respects, are analogous to the Anl/iropida and Lemuria. 

 The Harpi/dia liave blunt molars, an extremely elongated stomach, and long intestines ; also a sonorous voice, 

 and most usually a claw to the fore-finger. Though stated to feed, in some instances, partly on insects, we have 

 reason to believe {from recent observation of a living animal, which invariably rejects all insect-food that is oflered 

 to it,) that they arc exclusively frugivorous. All are peculiar to the eastern hemisphere. 



The 'Spectra have a globular stomach, short intestines, and sharp tubercles to the molars, except in the very 

 extraordinary genus Dcsmodus, which, for reasons connected with its habits, has no true molars \\liatever. They 

 have a clicking voice, and no claw to the fore-finger, &c. 



The second sub-order of Ti/podontta, or the Fera;, or fecundates, subdivides into the obvious groups Carnieora 

 and Insectivora of Cuvier; but as these names are equally applicable to Marsupial genera, and therefore particu- 

 larly liable to mislead, by inducing the erroneous supposition that they apply to all carnivorous and insecti- 

 vorous Mammalia respectively, in which significant general sense they might still be employed with con- 

 venience, just as the analogous terms Herhivora and Frugivora ai-e at present, we believe that they might 

 advantageously be disused in their restricted and forced meaning, to be superseded by names of more special 

 application. "We therefore venture to designate them Cipwdia and Ecanina. It is in this division that the four 

 dilferent sorts of teeth assume their most distinctive characters, as it is unnecessary to dwell upon. The incisors 

 are rarely less than six in number, in either jaw. 



In the Cynodia, the canines are always present, both above and below, and are invariably strongly characterized 

 as such ; and the incisors form a transverse range, the outer pair, more particularly those above, being always 

 largest, and the medial smallest. They fall into four subtribes, viz., Digitigrada, Subplaniigrada, Plantigrada, and 

 Pinniqrada; the first and last of which are constantly furnished with a caecum, which does not occur in the others. 

 The Digitiqrada are not always digitignide, but the term need not on this account be altered. We adopt the 

 group as instituted by Cuvier, detaching only the first leading subdivision, or that of the Weasels and allied genera. 

 The Subjilaniigrada have never more than one true molar above, and another below, which vary exceedingly in 

 developcment, in an inverse ratio to the carnassier, or scissor-tooth,~t\\e "Weasels and Badgers exhibiting the 

 extremes. The great and small intestines scarcely differ in calibre ; and all, unless the Otters constitute an excep- 

 tion, can diffuse at will a disgusting stench. None of them fall into a torpid state during the winter, like the northern 

 Planfiorada. Their hind feet are always semi-plantigrade, but none of them bring the heel quite to the ground. 



The Planiiqrada have constantly two pairs of true molars in each jaw, which likewise vary exceedingly in de- 

 velopcment, and in an inverse ratio to the scissor-teeth, which in the Bears are reduced to their minimum 

 throughout the Cgnodia. In their plantigrade gait, and generally naked sole (not naked by friction merely, as in 

 the Badgers), their tendency to torpor during severe weather, and a variety of other particulars, a direct a.f?i- 

 nity to the 7»icc^/ror(7, Cuv., is ver>' apparent ; and the Raccoons among them are further remarkable for the 

 entire separation, and a certain amount of prehensibility of the toes, which last enables them to clasp small objects 

 in a manner observed in no other Secundates,-~t\\e rest of the Cynodia having a membrane more or less developed 

 between the toes. The skull of the Bears exhibits various tokens of afiinity with the next group. 



The Pinnigrada, or Seals, correspond to the AmpMHia of Cuvier, and are remarkable for the similarity of their 

 true and false molars ; the former of which, however, in no instance, exceed the typical number. 



The Ecanina, or second and abnormal subtribe of Secundafes {being the Insectivora, Cuv.), have an attenuated 

 muzzle, and mostly separated incisors that face laterally, the medial or foremost being always largest, as in the Pri- 

 mates; no true uiiper canines, but very commonly an enlarged false molar with two fangs, that presents the appear- 

 ance and performs the othce of a canine, the lower canines being always present (unless in the Shrews), but commonly 

 very small, and hence ranked as a fourth pair of incisors. Tliey have generally three true molars, both above and be- 

 h.w and always perfect clavicles, which is the case in no species of Cynodia. The genera Macroschelides and Titpaia 

 alone possess a ccecum ; and the Shrews,which have no incisors, nor even intermaxillary bones that should contain the 

 npper ones, are remarkable for possessing two very curious front teeth, which we suspect are modified false molars. 

 Wo shall offer no further remarks on the Isodontia, or Cetacea ordinaria of Cuvier, than to obsen-e, that 

 the Xar>\hal aloiit- among them possesses other than false molars. 



The lliPLODONTiA, or normal order of the great phytophagous type, divides first into Brochata and Ungulata, 

 the names of which require to be admitted with some resen'ation, though certainly not with more than— nor indeed 

 so much Q.s—t\w Edentata of C\\\'\ev. They have always a voluminous ccecum, with the single, aud consequently 

 very remarkable, exception of the small Dormouse group. 



The Brochata have ordinardy (at least the three first principal divisions of them) permanently growing canines, 

 whicli either pass through the interiuaxibaries, as in the Elephants and ^oilitwU—dciivuig their nutriment, how- 



