184 AVES. 



The Phibalures {Pluhalura, Vieillot) — 



Have an arcuated ridge to tlie bill, as in tlie Drongos, but tlie lieak is hhorter tban the head. 



Tlie only known species {Pli.jlnviro.tlrh-, Vioillot) inhat.iits Brazil, and lias a deoply-forkod. tail ; its plumag"e ]s 

 spotted witli black and yellow, and tliere are some red feathers on the liead, wliich reca! to rriind the 

 Tyrant Flycatchers. [This is a very curious species, which is closely related to the Swallows, as well as the Cotinga 

 group, and to the Tyrants.] 



The Tanagers {Tanagra, Lin.) — 



Have a conical beak, triangular at its base ; the upper mandible emargiuated to'U'ards the tip, %vitb its 

 ridge arcuated; "wiugs and flight short. They reseiuljle the Sparrow tri]>e in their liabits, and feed on 

 grain as well as on insects and berries, Tlie greater number arc cnnspiunons in niir collections for 

 their brilliant colours. [All are peculiar to America.] \Vc subdivide them as follow : — 



The Lin'dos {EiipJioinOj Yicillot ?)— 

 Or Bullfinch Tanagers, which have a short beak when viewed verrieally, bulging on each sitle of its 

 base: their tail is proportionally shorter than in the others. 



Such arc the Tana;]ra vio/nccn, ccn/i''it"nix/.\\ i/ltnlfum/", rirUUx, rhnisogaslcr [and se\'i:-ral otliers. The Spanish 

 name Linda, applied by Azara, intimates their biiliiiuic)']. 



The Fixch-tanagers [Hnhia, Viedlot) — 



Have a thick, bulging, conical bill, as broad as high, the u]i]ier maniliblc of which is rounded above. 



Such are Tan.Jhuniniceps, Pr. Max., T. .s/tpvrcHeOsn, j)\-i//fi< ina, and nfrirol/is, Spix, ^c. 



The Tanagers, iJ?npcrly so crdlcd, — 

 Have a conical beak, shorter than the bead, as broad as high, the upper mandible arcuated and slightly 

 pointed. 



T. episcopus, muJticohr, and numerous others [many of them remarkable for the variety of conti'astin;,'', brilliant 

 hues, which variejjate and adorn their pliima^ej. 



T. la/as and some otliers have been separated by Mr. Swainsori umler the name Aglaia. 



The Ortoj.e-tanagers {To.chyphonu.^, A'ieillot), — 

 Have the beak conical, arcuated, pointed, and notclicd towards the tip. 



T. crialala. Tern., of which T. hnnrnea, Spix, is the youn?;, and various others. 



The T. (jularis andpileata, Tem., and 7'. spcciili/era, Spix, approximate the Bcc-fins in tlie slendernoss of their 

 bills. " Wr. Swainson makes of them his genus Spermagra.^'' 



Tlie Pyranga of Vieillot is founded on an individual deformity. "We "ill desis"nate his species T. rvnnirtrra. 



In the PahnisfCy Duff., the emar;:^ination of the upper mandible is very sli>i;ht, and it almost entirely disappears 

 in a proximate species, of which M. Vieillot has formed his g:enus Ictcria. Tliis bird is i\\& Pipra pohjglotta, 

 "Wilson, [a very curious species, the affinities of which are by no nteans obvious]. It conducts to the Weavers. 



The Cardinal-tanagers \_{Pgrninja, as now generally accepted)], — 



Have a conical and slightly bulging beak, with an olituse salient dentation on each side, 



T. mi.s.sissiptiensiSf Tern., or T. ccstiva, Wils. Also T. riihra and T. ludoviciana, Wils., Szc. 



Lastly, 



The Rhamphocele-tanagers {Jacapa, Vieillot), — 



Have a conical beak, the rami of the lower mandible of wliich are enlarged behind. 



Such are T. jacapa and braziHa, Tem., ;]nd T. nigrognlaris, Spix. 



[We may remark that the great gnuip of Tanagers is simply a ramification of the Cotinga family, 

 peculiar to the sanje restricted locality.] 



The Thrushes {Turdn^, Lin.) — 

 Have the beak arcuated and compressed ; but its iioint is not hooked, and the lateral eniargination 

 does not produce so marked a dentation as in the Shrikes. Nevertheless, as alreadv stated, there are 

 gradual transitions from one to the other of these genera. 



The regimen of the Thrushes is more frugivorous : they feed mucli on berries, and their habits are 

 solitary. [The majority are liowever gregarious during the winter ; and some (as our common Field- 

 fare) even throughout the year.] 



T)ie name oi ^Merle is apphed to those sjircies, the colours of whirh are unilonn or distribiifcd in hir-c masses. 

 [They are ^-enerully also more bulky ; but jiass, by inst/nsible gradatium,, into Die spottcil-lM-ea^ted Thrushes.] 



