GRALLiE. 231 



The Gouras {Lopfiyrus, Vicillot) — 

 Approximate the ordinary Gallhiacece more than the other suljgencra, by tlieir more elevated tarsi and 

 gregarious habits, linding their food more on tlie ground, and never [not so babitually] perehing. Their 

 beak is slender and flexible, [and their anatomy precisely that of llie others]. 



One species is even alhcd to the GaUlitacciC by the caruncles and other naked parts about tlie head (the C. carun- 

 culata, Tern.) 



Another, at least, approaches thcni in size, which almost equals that of a Tuikey, — the Crowned Pigeon of the 

 Indian Archipelag;o (C. coronala, Gni.)-— Entirely of a slaty-blue, with some chestnut and white on the wing^s ; the 

 bead adorned with a vertical longitudinal erest of thinly-barbed feathers. It is bred in tlie poultry-yards of Java, 

 &c., but refuses to propagate in Europe. It is to this species that the names Goura and Lojjhyrus espe- 

 cially apply. 



A third approximates the Poultry by the long pendent feathers of its neck, somewhat as in the Cock,— the Nicobar 

 Pip;eon (Col. nincoharicay Lin.), of a brilliant golden-green colour, the tail white. It is found in many parts of 

 the Indian Isles, [and propagates in the same manner as the others, contrary to what has been asserted. 



Other small species compose the Chceinepelia, Swainson,as the Ground Dove of Wilson's American Ornithology, 

 C. passerhia, Lin.] 



The RESTRiCTiiD Pigeons {Colurnha, as limited) — 

 Have shorter legs than the preceding, but the same flexible and slender bill. 



There are four wild species in Europe 



The Cushat, or Ring Dove (Co/. ^w/^Hi/y/w, Lin.), is the largest of them. It inhabits forests, and morepnrti- 

 cidarly tliose of evergreens, and is of a bluish ash-colour, rufous beneath, and distinguished by a spot of white on 

 each side of the neck. [It nestles on the branches of trees.] 



The Stock Pigeon (C. ccnas, Lin.). — Of a slaty-grey colour, vinous beneath, with some changeable green u[ion 

 the neck. Rather smaller than the last, and similar in its general habits. [It breeds, however, either in conve- 

 nient holes of trees, or in leafy pollards termed i'/ocA-.?, and not unfrequently in rabbit-burrows; makes no flap- 

 [ling sound with the wings in flying, like the next species]. 



The Rock Pigeon (C Uvia, Brisson). — Slaty-grey, some iridescent green on the neck, two black bars on each 

 wing, and a white rump. The Dovecot Pigeon is derived from this species, and, it would appear, the greater 

 number of the innumerable domestic breeds, in the production of which, however, the admixture of some proxi- 

 mate species may likewise have an influence. [The wild Rock Pigeon breeds principally in sea-cliffs, and but 

 sparingly inland. There is a race, which we suspect to be a distinct species, closely allied, the wings of which are 

 spotted, somewhat as in the Stock Pigeon, but more extensively, in place of the black bars. Numbers of them, 

 all shot, are sold in the London markets. AVe will term it C. inaciilarin]. 



The Turtle Dove (Col. turinr, Lin.). — A fulvous-browni mantle, spotted with brown, the neck bluish, with a spot 

 nu each side, variegated black and white. It is the smallest of the European wild Pigeons, and resembles the 

 Cushat in its habits, [excepting: in being migrator\']. 



The Collared Dove (Co/, risoria, Lin.), appears to have been originally from Africa. It is of a reddish-white 

 colour, pale below, with a black collar on the neck. 



The species of this division are extremely numerous, and might lie further subdivided according" as the tarsi are 

 naked or feathered, and upon the naked space surrounding the eyes of some of them. Those with feathered tarsi 

 constitute the Ptilinopus, Swainson. 



Some have even caruncles and other naked parts on the head : and there are others [the Eciopisicsy Swainson], 

 which might be separated on account of their pointed tail. 



But the best of all the divisions that have been instituted among the Pigeons is that of 



The Vinagos {Vluago, Cuv.), — 

 \Yhich are recognized hv having a stouter bill, of solid substance, and compressed laterally : their tarsi 

 are short, and tlieir feet large and well liordered. They inhabit extensive w^oods, and subsist on fruit. 

 Ihit few species are known, all from the torrid zone of the eastern continent. 

 [They have generally \ivid-green plumage, variegated with bright yellow]. One has a pointed tail. 



THE FIFTH ORDER OF BIRDS — 



THE STILT-BIRDS (Grall;e, Lin.),~ 



AUo termed Shore-hirds and JVaderSy names -which are derived from their habits and c(m- 

 formation. The members of this division are recognized by the nndity of part of the tibia, 

 and most commonly by the elongation of the tarsi; conditions -ndhch permit them to enter 



