40G 



ARTICULATED ANIMALS. 



minute [hexagonal] lenses or facets, to each of which there is a corresponding filament 

 of the optic nerve. These two kinds of eyes may exist in conjunction or separately, vary- 

 ing in the genera; and we know not whether their action, when united in the same 

 individual, he essentially differtnt. The sense of sight, however, must in all in.^tances be 

 etTected in a manner quite unlike that of the Vertehrata. (Consult the Memoir of 

 Serres on the Eyes of Insect.^, Alontpelier, 1815, 1 vol. Svo ; and the Observations of 

 Elainville on the Eyes of Crustacea, in Bull. Soc. Philo-mat.) [abo the memoir of 

 J. Midler, conscisely abstracted in the " Insect Miscellanies."] 



Other organs, which we here find, for the first time, amongst the Crustacea and 

 Insecta'^, and which are named antenuce, are articulated filaments, varied in the greatest 

 degree as to their form, even in the sexes of the same S]}ecies, arising from the head, 

 and appearing eminently endued with a delicate sense of touch, and perhaps, also, Avith 

 some other kind of sensation of which we have no idea, but which has reference to the 

 state of the atmosphere. 



Td:iese animals also enjoy the senses of smell and hearing. S'ome authors place 

 the seat of tlic first of these senses in the antennKf; others, as M. Dumerih in the 

 oriliccs of the breathing pores; and others, as M. de Serres, in the palpi. These 

 opinions, however, are not founded upon positive and conclusive facts. As to the sense 

 of hearing, the Decapod Crustacea, and certain Orthoptera, alone possess a visible car. 



The mouth of these animals presents a great analogy [or general uniformity], which 

 also extends, according to Savigny;}:, in a relative manner, even to those species which 

 subsist by suction. Those which gnaw their food [M'andibuiata, Clairville] by means 

 of jaws fit for tritur;ition, have the parts of the mouth arranged in pairs laterally, and 

 placed one before [or over] the other. The anterior pair are specially named mandibles, 

 [the succeeding pair or pairs being termed maxilla?, or hind jaws] ; the pueces which 

 ci.)ver the jaws before and liehind are the lips§, that in front being called the labrum, 

 [and that behind being the labium]. 'The palpi are articulated hianients attached to 

 the hind jaws and tlie hind or lower lip, and appear to assist the animal in 

 recogvnzing its food. T'he form ot these different organs determine [or, more properly 

 speaking, indicate] the kind of I'ourishment with as much precision as the dental 

 system of Mammalia. Within the lower lipih the tongue (ligula) [or rather lingua] 

 is ordinarily attached. Sometimes, as in the bees, and many other Hymcnoptera, it is 

 prolonged considerably, as well as the maxilhe, forming a kind uf proboscis (promuscis), 

 : with the pharynx at its base often covered by a kind of secondar^Mip (sGus-Iahre ; 

 I epiphiirijiij:, Savigny), and which a])[)e;us to me to exist, in rmmy beetles, m the form 



* An(J Kven in the Arncl.iiiJa, but under iiiurfilictl form^, :iiiii 



odii 



I fun. 



t U'itlj retcrenCf;. ^l least. 10 In 

 a mure or Ipsb complicated mass, ( 

 of liairs. Accnrdin|j: to M, Deav 

 Decapod Crusttcett arc orgniiR of s 



r i\re clothed with n preut quantity 

 idy, the internal Rntcniiffi of the 

 lell (UuU. Sci. Nat. \B27) , but lie 



citL's no direct proof; and. Indeed, in the moat carnivo 

 (GfC'irfir/'w, &c.), where the orpin of smeU oufjht to be 

 d(.-vuli>|)ijd, the very reverse takes place, [the inner uiae 



The 



fulh 



, \..i 



: {hut 



,jut del 



1 .\J:-mu<rrs siir Ics /InhnriuT e'liis Frrtlbr 

 .W\^ uniformity] irns first announced by 

 Tirnt) in my Hisloire GinL-rale drx hnectei. 



^ I liere more particularly allude to the Hexapod insect.4. 



W The labium Is protected in front by a corneous pif-ce, formed by a 

 ;utn.neniis clonpHtioo, and articulated at its base with apart of the 

 jnder r,ide of tlie head, named tlie inentum. Its two p!il|n are termed 

 alii.vl palpi Tlje mamillary p»I])i are two or four in number, in the lat- 

 :er cane being named external and internal, the inlernul palpi bcin^ a 

 nodification of the outer lobe of tlie loaxillte, and which is named 



galea by Fabricius, in Orthopterous insects. In these insects, and in 

 the Libellulce, there is a soft ve-sicuIoRc body in the middle of the 

 mouth, distinct from the lower lip, and which, compared M'ith the 

 Cruataceii, appears to be the true tonjfue {Labinu,, F^lir,) This 

 or^fifi is probably represented in many Colooptera by the lateral divi 

 Rions of the labium, which are termed patnglossK. The lucmhrano-^s 

 terminal part of tlje lower Up, extending between the p;ilpi in the 

 Orthoptera and Libtllnlaj, is quite distinct frtmi this ecnir!il Un\'^v.<:. 

 nltboui,'-!! ricarly all entomolounsts huve termed I hi'! tcniiiii.Ll (j\ tr-.iii ty 

 of the lip by the name of lani^'-uetlc, 1 1 i^, nr'i cri lu l. — , ini,-, ili ii ihis 

 eeiitral lotigtie is often closely s.ddL'red tn the [iimcr suri.^ .; ,,f | li.e 

 Inwrr lip, [The composition of the lower Jip in very o.niplicutcd, 

 iiiul vari^ible in dilTerent proup.s. As a whole, it i^ best to retuiii fdr it 

 tlic name of labium. Its corneous basal pii'ce i?* the mcntum. The 

 followiiiir piece is generally called the labium, bavini; the labial palpi 

 arising at its hase ; but the German authors term this terminal piei^i 

 ligula. The internal pieee is tlic lingua. Latreille refers to the 

 lari'jE of the Dvticidus, as nlTording a clear notion of the typical strnc 



e of t 



^.biinv 



r Slaphylini, alTord much be 



