FOREST POLICY. 45 



12. Some forests, namely, mere protection forests, must anyhow 

 be controlled by the commonwealth, and the staflf in charge of the 

 State's protection forests might as well take charge of the State's rev- 

 enue forests. 



C. The federal government is better adapted for the practice of for- 

 estry than the individual States for the following reasons: 



1. The head of a river from which the water comes, and the 

 mouth of a river where inundations take place and where navigation 

 is to be protected, are scarcely ever situated in one and the same 

 State. 



2. State governments are less educated, less conservative, and 

 less far sighted than the federal government. 



3. The federal government might avail itself of the army in offi- 

 cering reserves. The forestal staff, as in foreign countries, might 

 yield officers and subalterns for the army in case of war. 



4. Many States (Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) are prevented by 

 their constitution from contracting loans which would be required 

 for the purchase of forest reserves. The present generation is un- 

 willing to run into an expense which is of benefit, especially, to fu 

 ture generations. 



5.. The federal government, receiving all indirect taxation, is rich. 

 Raising money for forestal purposes by direct taxation increases the 

 tax burden resting on the forest. The federal government might, a.=i 

 in other federal countries (Germany and Switzerland) make over to 

 the individual States, out of excess revenue derived from specified 

 sources, certain sums according to the population of the State for 

 specified forestal purposes. 



6. In America, the individual citizen shifts from State to State; 

 has little interest in the forestal future of the State in which he h.i;.- 

 pens to reside; is unwilling to be taxed for forestal developments in 

 the State of his temporary residence. 



(XXXVIII.) PRINCIPLES OF STATE FOREST ADMINIS- 

 TRATION: 



A. Principles of organization. 



1. Merit system; permanent employment; rank and salary in- 

 creasing with duration of service. 



2. Good pay; pensions as in the army. 



3. Higher grades of officials (administrators, conservators, su- 

 perintendents, chief foresters) to be secured from men commanding 

 university or college training; lower grades or merely technical stafi 

 to be recruited from the best workmen. 



4. The area in charge of an officer depends on land prices and 

 stumpage prices, intensity of management, dangers threatening the 

 forest and number of tasks (fish, game, roads, etc.) to be met by the 

 official. 



Example: In Germany a superior State forest officer "is in charge 

 of a range running from 2,500 acres up to 30,000 acres. Close to the 



