FOREST UTILIZATION 



(d) Where contract legislation is bad. (Lien laws in Minne- 

 sota; $1,500 exemption clause in North Carolina.) 

 III. Contract work is generally, preferable to day work because- 

 it is cheaper. Contract work is doubly advisable where em- 

 ployer's liability laws work against the employer. - Contracts 

 should always be in writing. The specification sheet should be- 

 kept apart from the paragraphs of agreement, so as not to en- 

 cumber the contract. 

 The main clauses of a contract cover : 



(a) Time allowed to complete work; 



(b) Installments and payments; 



(c) Building of snaking roads, sleigh roads and skidways; 



(d) Scaling of defective logs and of sound logs; 



(e) Employer's liability; 



(f ) Fines for fire, stock at large, fishing, hunting and drunken- 

 ness, and demand for discharge of culprits ; 

 (g) Shanties and log houses and commissary bills; 

 (h) Supply of tools; deduction for loss and spoliation of tools ,■: 

 (i ) Fines for cutting trees not marked or of too small a 



diameter ; 

 (j ) Fines for leaving marked trees uncut ; 

 (k) Fines for poor work and unnecessary damage; 

 (1 ) Possibility of speedy termination of contract in emergency 



cases; 

 (m) Nomination of umpire to avoid suits in case of discrepan- 

 cies. ' 

 The specifications cover the following points : 

 Height of stumps; peeling of bark; separating product accord- 

 ing to quality; length, diameter, weight of product; nosing 

 logsi cutting defects out (unsound knots etc.); placing the 

 product on sticks (so as to allow it to dry) or on skidways; 

 method of carrying or moving products; swamping (removal 

 of branches); use of road poles (breast works); skidways; 

 road building. 

 D. Subdivision of labor. 

 The leading principle is that one division gang must push the other. 

 I. Lumbering. 



(a) Cutting or felling crews, consisting -usually of two hands; 



sometimes a third man to drive wedges and to make 

 the axe cut. 



(b) Log makers, dissecting the bole into logs. A foreman 



should be an ex-sawyer or an ex-lumber inspector. 



(c) Swamping crew, to clear trees of branches and to open 



suspicious knots. 



(d) Snaking crew — at Biltmore five hands for a three-yoke 



team; three men to get the logs ready and to remove 

 brush (debris) and two men to accompany the load. 



(e) Skidway crew — two hands rolling logs onto skidways. 



