FOREST UTILIZATION 7 



(f) Road crew — meant to prepare snaking or sleigh roads; to 

 sprinkle and sand ice roads. 

 11. Firewood or cordwood making .(for pulp, distillation, cooper- 

 age etc.). 

 a, b, and c are the same as in "I. — a, b and c." 



(d) Carriers or carrying crew — often with hand sleighs or roll- 



ers or grapple hooks. 



(e) Splitters — with heavy axes which have broader, thicker 



cheeks than cutting axes. 



(f) Piling crew — a very careful, honest man is required for 



piling the wood. 



§ IV. ANIMAL LABOR. 



A. Countries. 



In Europe, even in virgin forests, practically none is required. In 

 India and possibly in the Philippines, elephants'are used. 



In the United States, in the Southern and Pacific States, as also in the 

 Appalachians, oxen are used. In the Lake States, Pacific States and 

 New England States, horses are preferred. In the South, mules 

 are used for small logs and especially on tram roads. 



B. Horses. 



I. The numerical ratio between hands and horses in Northern camps 



varies from 2 to I to 6 to I. 

 The standard amount of work for one horse is : 



(a) A haul of i,6oo lbs. inclusive of wagon, on a level road 



over 23 miles per day. 



(b) An output of 2/3 horsepower-per minute, equal to 320 horse- 



power per day of eight hours. 



II. Horses are employed for 



(a) Skidding or snaking. 



(b) Rolling logs on skidways. 



(c) Sleighing, trucking (two wheels) and wagoning (four 



wheels). 



(d) Go-deviling. 



(e) Loading on railroad cars. 



(f) Supplying power for portable mills. 



III. Food for horses. 



(a) Interdependence between feed and effect in foot pounds 

 per 1,000 lbs. horse flesh during a day's work is : 



Straw 2 lbs. ' 2 lbs. 2 lbs. 



Hay 19 lbs. IS lbs. 11 lbs. 



Oats 2 lbs. 6 lbs. 10 lbs. 



Effect 3,000,000 9,000,000 15,000,000 



(b) Food required. 



After Thaer, per 1,000 lbs. of horse flesh, 25 lbs. of good 



hay and oats. 

 After the -^'Lumber and Log Book,'' 50 lbs. of oats and 40 

 lbs. of hay per team per day. 



