' FOREST UTILIZATION 51 



California laurel: Ship building; cabinet work and interior finish. 

 Elms : Wheel stock, especially hubs ; fence posts'; ribs of small 

 boats ; top spans in covered railroad cars ; railroad ties ; tongues 

 for sleighs and sleigh runners; saddle trees; flooring; exported 

 for inner lining of boats ; butcher blocks and churns (butter) ; 

 cheese boxes; imitation oak furniture; sugar and flour barrel 

 staves ; patent coiled hoops for slack cooperage ; agricultural 

 implements ; bicycle rims ; basket making ; gun stocks ; frame 

 timber of piano cases ; wheelbarrows ; hockey sticks. 



Hackberry: Fencing; occasionally for cheap furniture; hames. 

 Mulberry: Fencing; cooperage; in the South for boat building; 

 axe handles. 



Osage orange: Fencing; paving blocks; railroad ties; wheel 

 stock ; toothpicks ; fine mallets. 



Sycamore : Furniture ; plug tobacco boxes ; butchers' blocks ; in- 

 terior finish; beehives (hollow log sections); butter and lard 

 trays; wooden bowls. 



Walnuts : Interior finish ; furniture ; gun stocks ; tool handles ; 

 cabinet work ; boat building. 



Hickories : Axe handles ; wagon stock, especially whiffletrees ; 

 neck yokes ; spokes ; tongues ; felloes ; skeins ; buckboards ; 

 rustic furniture; barrel hoops; screws; mallets; parts of tex- 

 tile machinery; farm implements; wooden rails (top) ; baskets; 

 bows of ox yokes ; ' boat building ; hickory bark for flavoring 

 sugar (to imitate maple syrup). 



Oaks (white and burr) : Furniture ; wagon and carriage stock, 

 especially spokes, felloes, hubs,' tongues, hounds, bolsters, sand- 

 boards, reaches, brake bars, axletrees, whiffletrees ; railroad ties ; 

 freight car building (framework); ship building; house build- 

 ing and interior finish; shingles; agricultural implements; bridge 

 building; mining timber; wine, beer and whisky barrels; par- 

 quet flooring; staircases; split wood baskets; hogshead and barrel 

 hoops. 



Post oak: Fencing; railroad ties ; construction; staves; carriage 

 and wagon work ; farm implements. 



Basket' oak: Baskets; cooperage; wheel stock; fencing; agri- 

 cultural implements; construction. 



Chestnut oak: Bark used for tanning; fencing; "bridges; railroad 

 ties; substitute for white oak, but objectionable in tight cooper- 

 age. 



Live oak: Ship building; furniture. 



Red oak: Shingles; furniture; interior finish; tight -and slack 

 cooperage. 



Texas oak : Same as red oak. Said to check less than red oak. 



Black oak : Plow beams ; furniture ; lumber ; bark for tanning 

 and quercitrin. 



Tanbark oak : In California bark used for tanning. 



Chestnut: Tannin extract; coffins; furniture; interior finish; 

 shingles;' fencing; railroad ties; sheathing; Jacob staff for com- 



