FOREST UTILIZATION 83 



model, the standards or uprights of the wall are fixed. The 

 manufacture has been introduced into Nfew Jersey and New 

 York. 

 B. Wooden baskets. 



They are used for picking and transportation of bulky farm 

 produces. Sizes J4 bushel to 2 bushels. 

 I. The hand made basket, from thin strips split and shaved 

 from basket oak and white oak (sapwood). 

 II. The Briggs stave basket consists of radial ribs cut from 

 2^ inch oak planks ; cross cut into lengths varying from 

 I2f^ inch for J4 bushel to 18 inches for 2 bushel baskets. 

 The ribs are jointed and pointed to an exact fit for a 

 round center plate and then bent over a model form hav- 

 ing grooves indicating the proper position for each rib 

 ' and for the strong elm hoop clasped around the rim. 

 III. The common wood basket is made of straight long ribs 

 up to J^ inch thick, cut on a rotary veneer machine. No 

 center piece, no pointing and no jointing are required. 

 The ribs are bent over a model form. A workman is 

 said to make about 300 baskets in a day. 



, § XXII. COOPERAGE. 



A. Terminology. 



I. "Slack" cooperage turns out barrels for packing lime, 

 vegetables, cement,, salt, nails, crockery, sugar, flour, 

 etc. 

 II. "Tight" cooperage deals with barrels for liquids and for 

 meat (pork). 



B. Material used : 



Any species may be used for slack cooperage. Alcoholic liquors 

 must be cased in white oak (Quercus alba, michauxii, prinus, 

 macrocarpa, minor etc.). Red oak will not hold whisky, but 

 is used for other staves, flour barrel heading, sawn and coiled 

 hoops. 

 White ash is used for pork staves and butter tubs. 

 Elm yields the best coiled hoops and the best slack staves. 

 Cottonwood and, gum are cut for staves on a large scale. 

 Chestnut is used for cheap slack barrel hoops ; yellow poplar 

 for tobacco hogsheads ; basswood for flour barrel headings ; 

 beech and maple for sugar barrels; second growth of hickory, 

 birch and ash for hoops. 

 For buckets, red and white cedar; for tanks, cypress and red- 

 wood are preferred. 

 C. Specifications : 



I. Flour barrels contain ig6 pounds, or 3.57 bushels, or 32 

 gallons of flour. 

 The diameter of the head is 17 inches; the length of the 

 staves 28 inches. 



