INTESTmAT, HELJ[[NTHIASIS IN UUMIxVANTS. 275 



containing bicarbonate of soda, supplemented by general tonic treatment 

 and the supply of concentrated, very nourishing, and easily digested food 

 (Degoix, nn-ue gena-ale de Mnlerinc Vrtniuain', No. '2S, Febraarv 15th 

 1904, p. 177). 



***** 



McFadyean describes a similar disease to the above in two to three 

 months old lambs {Jour, of Comp. Path, and Thrrap., March, LSDCi, p. 31). 

 The mortality reached 10 per cent. The lambs at the time the disease 

 broke out in the flock were closely folded together with the ewes on 

 growing roots, which, needless to say, were much soiled with earth and 

 faeces before they were completely consumed. 



INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS IN RUMINANTS 

 (Ox, Sheep, Goat). 



Verminous disease of the intestine is often accompanied by similar 

 disease of the stomach (gastro-intestinal strongylosis of the sheep, lum- 

 bricosis of the calf), but it also occurs apart from the 

 presence of gastric parasites. Parasites are more 

 frequent in the intestine than in the abomasum, 

 because the alkaline intestinal juices prove a much 

 more favourable medium for their development than 

 do the acid juices of the stomach. 



The actual parasites may include ascarides, stron- 

 gyles, hooked worms, cesophagostomes, tricocephales, 

 sclerostomes, and various tsenife (Twina c.rjinn.^a ct 

 alba). Many of these have already been, or will here- 

 after be, referred to. ^i»- H^.-Head of 



TT 1 • i.1 • • 1 i. 1 1-1 , TcEiiia aiha of the 



Helmmthiasis due to round worms like stron- , , , , ,, 



. ox and sheep. (Alter 



gyles, and the various forms of hooked worm, is Neumann.) 

 graver than that due to fiat worms, but most extra- 

 ordinarily varied collections are sometimes met with. Speaking gene- 

 rally, however, helminthiasis more particularly affects young animals 

 like calves, lambs, and yearling sheep, is rarer in adults, and in all cases 

 the complications it produces are of trifling imjiortance iu adults as com- 

 pared with those caused in the young. 



The persistence of verminous diseases in certain infested countries, 

 districts, farms, or pastures is explained by the enormous number of eggs 

 or embryos passed with the faeces and disseminated with manure, as well 

 as by the high degree of resistance of the eggs and embryos to destructive 

 influences. 



Causation. The various forms of intestinal helminthiasis are all due 

 to embryos or eggs of worms obtaining entrance to the stomach or bowels 



T 2 



