SIMPLE PNEUMONIA. 345 



rusty expectoration which is characteristic of simple pneumonia in the 

 horse and in man has never been observed. 



Percussion discloses partial dulness, usually on one side, in the lower 

 region of the chest : the respiratory murmur in this region is ascertained 

 by auscultation to have diminished, whilst in the upper part and also on 

 the opposite side the respiratory murmur is increased. 



II. Period of exacerbation. This period is characterised by accen- 

 tuation of all the symptoms: the temperature rises, and may attain 

 104° Fahr. ; the submaxillary artery is tense; the dulness becomes 

 more marked, whilst crepitant and mucous rales are heard. In the 

 portions still unattacked the function of the lung is exaggerated in 

 order to make up for the defect of the diseased parts, and the respira- 

 tion becomes juvenile. 



The appetite, which previously had been maintained, diminishes con- 

 siderably, without, however, entirely disappearing, and intense thirst sets 

 in, as a consequence of the fever. 



III. Period of crisis. The general symptoms remain stationary for 

 four or five days ; the respiration, which is always affected, sometimes 

 becomes as rapid as thirty to forty per minute; the tubal souffle which 

 invariably occurs in pneumonia of the horse is not always clearly 

 audible. 



Terminations. (1.) Eesolution. — This is indicated by the attenuation 

 of all the symptoms and the disappearance of fever, which gradually 

 sinks from 105° to 101° Fahr. The respiratory movements become fuller 

 and fewer in number, the pulse slower, and the artery softer and more 

 compressible. The cough changes its cbaracter, is stronger, more 

 sonorous and prolonged, and is accompanied by the free discharge of 

 muco-pus. The dulness descends, and the tubal souffle, if previously 

 existing, is replaced by the returning crepitant rale. In general the 

 disease runs its course in eight to ten days in young and in fourteen 

 to fifteen days in aged subjects. 



(2.) Death by asphyxia is almost the only fatal termination of 

 pneumonia in the ox. It occurs in one-third to one-fourth of the 

 subjects attacked. Its approach is announced by a deep mahogany- 

 red coloration of the conjunctiva. The pulse becomes very rapid, 100 

 to 110 per minute, thready, small, and almost imperceptible, whilst the 

 beating of the heart is strong and tumultuous. Eespiration is rapid and 

 very laboured (50 to 70 per minute). The animal's attitude is typical; 

 it stands with its limbs thrust out, its head extended, its nostrils 

 dilated, and its mouth half open, discharging foamy and viscous saliva. 

 Throughout the greater portion of the lung gurgling sounds and 

 crepitant mucous rales can then be detected. 



(3.) Cases ending in gangrene and suppuration are e-\cessively 



