THE EXAMINATION OF A SICK HORSE. li 
temperament. The temperament is indicated by the gait, by the 
expression of the face, and by the carriage of the head and ears. The 
nature of the temperament should be taken into consideration in an 
endeavor to ascertain the severity of a given case of illness, because 
the general expression of an animal in disease as well as in health de- 
pends to a large extent on the temperament. 
THE SKIN AND THE VISIBLE MUCOUS MEMBRANES. 
The condition of the skin is a fair index to the condition of the 
animal. The effect of disease and emaciation upon the pliability of 
the skin have been referred to above. There is no part of the body 
that loses its elasticity and tone as a result of disease sooner than the 
skin. The practical herdsman or flockmaster can gain a great deal of 
information as to the condition of an animal merely by grasping the 
coat and looking at and feeling the skin. Similarly, the condition of 
the animal is shown to a certain extent by the appearance of the 
mucous membranes. For example, when the horse is anemic as a 
result of disease or of inappropriate feed the mucous membranes 
become pale. This change in the mucous membranes can be seen most 
readily in the lining of the eyelids and in the lining of the nostril. 
For convenience of examination the eyelids can readily be everted. 
Paleness means weak circulation or poor blood. Increased redness 
occurs physiologically in painful conditions, excitement, and follow- 
ing severe exertion. Under such conditions the increase of circula- 
tion is transitory. In fevers there is an increased redness in the 
mucous membrane, and this continues so long as the fever lasts. In 
some diseases red spots or streaks form in the mucous membrane. 
This usually indicates an infectious disease of considerable severity, 
and occurs in blood poisoning, purpura hemorrhagica, hemorrhagic 
septicemia, and in urticaria. When the liver is deranged and does 
not operate, or when the red-blood corpuscles are broken down, as 
in serious cases of influenza, there is a yellowish discoloration of the 
mucous membrane. The mucous membranes become bluish or blue 
when the blood is imperfectly oxidized and contains an excess of 
carbon dioxid. This condition exists in any serious disease of the 
respiratory tract, as pneumonia, and in heart failure. - 
The temperature of the skin varies with the temperature of the 
body. If there is fever the temperature of the skin is likely to be 
increased. Sometimes, however, as a result of poor circulation and 
irregular distribution of the blood, the body may be warmer than 
normal, while the extremities (the legs and ears) may be cold. 
Where the general surface of the body becomes cold it is evident that 
the small blood vessels in the skin have contracted and are keeping 
the blood away, as during a chill, or that the heart is weak and is 
