46 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
out in such manner as to support the lower lip. Should the dose 
be large, the horse ugly, or the attendant unable to support the head 
as directed above, the head is then to be held up by running the tines 
of a long-handled wooden fork under the noseband of the halter or 
the halter strap or a rope may be fastened to the noseband and 
thrown over a limb, beam, or through a pulley suspended from the 
ceiling. Another way of supporting the head is to place a loop in the 
end of a rope, and introduce this loop into the mouth just behind the 
upper front teeth or tusks of the upper jaw, the free end to be run 
through a pulley, as before described, and held by an assistant. It 
is never to be fastened, as the horse might in that case do himself 
serious injury. The head is to be elevated just enough to prevent the 
horse from throwing the liquid out of his mouth. The line of the 
face should be horizontal, or only the least bit higher. If the head 
is drawn too high the animal can not swallow with ease or even with 
safety. (If this is doubted, just fill your mouth with water, throw 
back the head as far as possible, and then try to swallow.) The per- 
son giving the drench should stand on some object in order to reach 
the horse’s mouth—on a level, or a little above it. The bottle or horn 
is then to be introduced at the side of the mouth, in front of the 
molar teeth, in an upward direction. This will cause the horse to 
open his mouth, when the base of the bottle is to be elevated, and 
about 4 ounces of the liquid allowed to escape on the tongue as far 
back as possible, care being taken not to get the neck of the bottle 
between the back teeth. The bottle is to be immediately removed, 
and if the horse does not swallow this can be encouraged by rubbing 
the fingers or neck of the bottle against the roof of the mouth, occa- 
sionally removing them. As soon as this is swallowed repeat the 
operation until he has taken all the drench. If coughing occurs, or 
if, by any mishap, the bottle should be crushed in the mouth, lower 
the head immediately. 
Do not rub, pinch, or pound the throat nor draw: out the tongue 
when giving a drench. These processes in no way aid the horse to 
swallow and oftener do harm than good. In drenching, swallowing 
may be hastened by pouring into the nose of the horse, while the head 
is high, a few teaspoonfuls of clean water, but drenches must never be 
given through the nose. Large quantities of medicine given by pour- 
ing into the nose are liable to strangle the animal, or, if the medicine 
is irritating, it sets up an inflammation of the nose, fauces, windpipe, 
and sometimes the lungs. 
By THE arr passaces.—Medicines are administered to the lungs and 
upper air passages by insufflation, inhalation, injection, and nasal 
douche. 
Insufflation consists in blowing an impalpable powder directly into 
the nose. It is but rarely resorted to. 
