102 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
‘NASAL POLYPUS. 
Tumors with narrow bases (somewhat pear-shaped) are occasion- 
ally found attached to the membrane of the nasal chambers, and are 
obstructions to breathing through the side in which they are located. 
They vary much in size; some are so small that their presence is not 
manifested, while others almost completely fill the chamber, thereby 
causing a serious obstruction to the passage of air. The stem, or 
base, of the tumor is generally attached high in the chamber, and 
‘usually the tumor can not be seen, but occasionally it increases in 
size until it can be observed within the nostril. Sometimes, instead of 
hanging down toward the nasal opening, it falls back into the phar- 
_ynx. It causes.a discharge from the nostril, a more or less noisy 
snuffling sound in breathing, according to its size, a discharge of 
blood (if it is injured), and sneezing. The side that it occupies can 
be detected in the same way as described for the detection of the 
affected side when the breathing is obstructed by a thickened 
membrane. 
The only relief is removal of the polypus, which, like all other 
operations, should be done by an expert when it is possible to obtain 
one. The operation is performed by grasping the base of the tumor 
with suitable forceps and twisting it round and round until it is torn 
from its attachment, or by cutting it off with a noose of wire. The 
resulting hemorrhage is checked by the use of an astringent lotion, 
such as a solution of the tincture of iron, or by packing the nostrils 
with surgeon’s gauze. 
PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS. 
This is exactly the same kind of tumor described as nasal polypus, 
the only difference being in the situation. Indeed, the stem of the 
tumor may be attached to the membrane of the naga chamber, as 
-before explained, or it may be attached in the fauces (opening of the 
back part of the mouth), and the body of the tumor then falls into 
the pharynx. In this situation it may seriously interfere with breath- 
ing. Sometimes it drops into the larynx, causing the most alarming 
symptoms. The animal coughs, or tries to cough, saliva flows from 
the mouth, the breathing is performed with the greatest difficulty and 
accompanied with a loud noise; the animal appears as if strangled 
and often falls exhausted. When the tumor is coughed out of the lar- 
ynx the animal regains quickly and soon appears as if nothing were 
ailing. These sudden attacks and quick recoveries point to the nature 
of the trouble. The examination must be made by holding the ani- 
mal’s mouth open with a balling iron or speculum and running the 
hand back into the mouth. If the tumor is within reach, it must be 
removed in the same manner as though it were in the nose. 
