DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 103 
BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. 
This often occurs during the course of certain diseases, namely, 
influenza, bronchitis, purpura hemorrhagica, glanders, etc. But it | 
also occurs independently of other affections and, as before men- 
tioned, is a symptom of polypus, or tumor, in the nose. 
Injuries to the head, exertion, violent sneezing—causing a rupture 
of a small blood vessel—also induce it. The bleeding is almost inva- 
riably from one nostril only, and is never very serious. The blood 
escapes in drops (seldom in a stream) and is not frothy, as when 
the hemorrhage is from the lings. (See Bleeding from the lungs, 
p. 127.) In most cases bathing the head and washing out the nostril 
with cold water are all that is necessary. If the cause is known, you 
will be guided according to circumstances. If the bleeding continues, 
pour ice-cold water over the face, between the eyes and down over 
the nasal chambers. A bag containing ice in small pieces applied to 
the head is often efficient. If in spite of these measures the hemor- 
rhage continues, plugging the nostrils with cotton, tow, or oakum, 
should be tried. A string should be tied around the plug before it is 
pushed up into the nostril, so that it can be safely withdrawn after 
4 or 5 hours. If both nostrils are bleeding, only one nostril at a time 
should be plugged. If the hemorrhage is profuse and persistent, a 
drench composed of 1 dram of acetate of lead dissolved in 1 pint of 
water, or ergot, 1 ounce, should ‘be given. 
INFLAMMATION OF THE PHARYNX. 
As already stated, the pharynx is common to the functions of both 
respiration and alimentation. From this organ the air passes into 
the larynx and thence onward to the lungs. In the posterior part of 
the pharynx is the superior extremity of the gullet, the canal through 
which the feed and water pass to the stomach. Inflammation of the 
pharynx is a complication of other diseases—namely, influenza, 
strangles, etc.—and is probably always more or less complicated with 
‘inflammation of the larynx. That it may exist as an independent 
affection there is no reason to doubt, and it is discussed as such with 
the diseases of the digestive tract. 
SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGITIS. 
The larynx is situated in the space between the lower jawbones just 
back of the root of the tongue. It may be considered as a box (some- 
what depressed on each side), composed principally of cartilages and 
small muscles, and lined on the inside with a continuation of the 
respiratory mucous membrane. Posteriorly it opens into and is con- 
tinuous with the windpipe. It is the organ of the voice, the vocal 
cords being situated within it; but in the horse this function is of 
