DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 105 
structed at about the height he carries his head. Having to reach 
too high or too low may cause so much pain that the animal would 
rather forego satisfying what little appetite he may have than inflict 
pain by craning his head for feed or water. A supply of fresh water 
should be before him all the time; he will not drink too much, nor 
will the cold water hurt him. Constipation (if present) must be 
relieved by enemas of warm water, administered three or four times 
during the twenty-four hours. 
A liniment composed of 2 ounces of olive oil and 1 each of solu- 
tion of ammonia and tincture of cantharides, well shaken together, 
may be thoroughly rubbed in about the throat from ear to ear, and 
about 6 inches down over the windpipe, and in the space between the 
lower jaws. This liniment should be applied once a day for two or 
three days. 
If the animal is breathing with great difficulty, persevere in steam- 
ing the nostrils, and dissolve 2 drams of chlorate of potassium in 
every gallon of water he will drink; even if he can not swallow much 
of it, and even if it is returned through the nostrils, it will be of some 
benefit to the pharynx as a gargle. 
An electuary of acetate of potash, 2 drams, honey, and licorice 
powder may be spread on the teeth with a paddle every few hours. 
If the pain of coughing is great, 2 or 3 grains of morphin may be 
added to the electuary. 
When the breathing begins to be loud, relief is afforded in some 
cases by giving a drench composed of 2 drams of fluid extract of 
jaborandi in half a pint of water. If benefit is derived, this drench 
may be repeated four or five hours after the first dose is given. It 
will cause a free flow of saliva from the mouth. 
In urgent cases, when suffocation seems inevitable, the operation of 
tracheotomy must be performed. To describe this operation in words 
that would make it comprehensible to the general reader is a more 
difficult task than performing the operation, which, in the hands of 
the expert, is simple and attended with little danger. 
The operator should be provided with a tracheotomy tube (to be 
purchased from any veterinary instrument maker) and a sharp knife, 
a sponge, and a bucket of clean cold water. The place to be selected 
for opening the windpipe is that part which is found, upon examina- 
tion, to be least covered with muscles, about 5 or 6 inches below the 
throat. Right here, then, is the place to cut through. Have an . 
assistant hold the animal’s head still. Grasp your knife firmly in 
the right hand, select the spot and make the cut from above to below 
directly on the median line on the anterior surface of the windpipe. 
Make the cut about 2 inches long in the windpipe; this necessitates 
cutting three or four rings. One bold stroke is usually sufficient, but 
‘if it is necessary to make several other cuts to finish the operation, do 
