DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 113 
and legs well until the skin feels natural; rub the legs until they are 
warm, if possible. When the circulation is reestablished, put band- 
ages on the legs from the hoofs up as far as possible. Throw a blan- 
ket over the body and let the rubbing be done under the blanket. 
Diffusible stimulants are the medicines indicated—brandy, whisky 
(or even ale or beer if nothing else is at hand), ether, and aromatic 
spirits of ammonia. A drench of 2 ounces each of spirits of nitrous 
ether and alcohol, diluted with a pint of water, every hour until 
relief is afforded, is among the best remedies. Or, give a quarter of 
a pint of whisky in a pint of water every hour, or the same quantity 
of brandy as often, or a quart of ale every hour, or 1 ounce of 
tincture of arnica in a pint of water every hour until five or six doses 
have been given. If none of these remedies are at hand, 2 ounces of 
oil of turpentine, shaken with a half pint of milk, may be given once, 
but not repeated. The animal may be bled from the jugular vein. 
Do not take more than 5 or 6 quarts from the vein, and do not repeat 
the bleeding. The blood thus drawn will have a tarry appearance. 
When the alarming symptoms have subsided active measures may 
be stopped, but care must be used in the general treatment of the ani- 
mal for several days, for it must be remembered that congestion may 
be followed by pneumonia. The anima] should have a comfortable 
stall, where he will not be subjected to drafts or sudden changes of 
temperature; he should be blanketed and the legs kept bandaged. 
The air should be pure, a plentiful supply of fresh, cold water 
always in the stall; and a diet composed principally of bran mashes, 
scalded oats, and, if in season, grass. When ready for use again the 
horse should at first receive only moderate exercise, which may be 
daily increased until he may safely be put to regular work. 
PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG FEVER. 
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. The chief varieties of 
pneumonia are catarrhal—tater discussed in connection with bron- 
chitis, under the name of broncho-pneumonia—and the fibrinous or 
croupous variety. The latter form receives its names from the fact 
that the air spaces are choked with coagulated fibrin thrown out from 
the blood! This causes the diseased portions of the lungs to become 
as firm as liver, in which condition they are said to be hepatized. As 
air is excluded by the inflammatory product, the diseased lung will 
not float in water. 
The inflammation usually begins in the lower part of the lung and 
extends upward. The first stage of the disease consists of conges- 
tion, or engorgement, of the blood vessels, followed by leakage of 
serum containing fibrin from the blood vessels into the air passages. 
36444°—-16—_8 
