DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 149 
Suppression and incontinence of urine are common also to obstruc- 
tion of the urethra by stone or otherwise; hence this source of fallacy 
should be excluded by manual examination along the whole course 
of that duct. 
Treatment.—Treatment is only applicable in cases in which the de- 
termining cause can be abated. In remedial sprains of the back or 
disease of the spinal cord these must have appropriate treatment, and 
the urine must be drawn off frequently with a catheter to prevent 
overdistention and injury to the bladder. If the paralysis persists 
after recovery of the spinal cord, or if it continues after relief of 
spasm of the neck of the bladder, apply a pulp of mustard and water 
over the back part of the belly in front of the udder, and cover with 
a rug until the hair stands erect. In the maie the mustard may be 
applied between the thighs from near the anus downward. Daily 
doses of 2 drams extract of belladonna or of 2 grains powdered 
Spanish fly may serve to rouse the lost tone. These failing, a mild 
current of electricity daily may succeed. 
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CYSTITIS, OR UROCYSTITIS). 
Cystitis may be slight or severe, acute or chronic, partial or gen- 
eral. It may be caused by abuse of diuretics, especially such as are 
irritating (cantharides, turpentine, copaiba, resin, etc.), by the pres- 
ence of a stone or gravel in the bladder, the irritation of a catheter 
or other foreign body introduced from without, the septic ferment 
(bacterium) introduced on a filthy catheter, the overdistention of the 
bladder by retained urine, the extrication of ammonia from retained 
decomposing urine, resulting in destruction of the epithelial cells and 
irritation of the raw surface, and a too concentrated and irritating 
urine. The application of Spanish flies or turpentine over a too ex- 
tensive surface, sudden exposure of a perspiring and tired horse to 
cold or wet, and the presence of acrid plants in the fodder may cause 
cystitis, as they may nephritis. Finally, inflammation may extend 
from a diseased vagina or urethra to the bladder. 
Symptoms.—The symptoms are slight or severe colicky pains; the 
animal moves his hind feet uneasily or even kicks at the abdomen, 
looks around at his flank, and may even lie down and rise frequently. 
More characteristic are frequently repeated efforts to urinate, result- 
ing in the discharge of a little clear, or red, or more commonly floc- 
culent urine, always in jets, and accompanied with signs of pain, 
which persist after the discharge, as shown in continued straining, 
groaning, and perhaps in movements of the feet and tail. The penis 
hangs from the sheath, or in the mare the vulva is frequently opened 
and closed, as after urination. The animal winces when the abdomen 
