184 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
hinder progress until rectified, as in difficult parturition. Abortion 
may also be followed by the same accidents, as flooding, retention of 
the placenta, and leucorrhea. 
The most important object in an impending abortion is to recog- 
nize it at as early a stage as possible, so that it may, if possible, be 
cut short and prevented. Any general, indefinable illness in a preg- 
nant mare should lead to a close examination of the vulva as regards 
swelling, vascularity of its mucous membrane, and profuse mucus 
secretion, and, above all, any streak or staining of blood; also the 
condition of the udder, if that is congested and swollen. Any such 
indication, with colicky pains, straining, however little, and active 
movement of the fetus or entire absence of movement, are suggestive 
symptoms and should be duly counteracted. 
The changes in the vulva and udder, with a soiled and bloody con- 
dition of the tail, may suggest an abortion already accomplished, and 
the examination with the hand in the vagina may detect the mouth 
of the womb soft and dilatable and the interior of the organ slightly 
filled with a bloody liquid. 
Treatment should be preventive if possible, and would embrace the 
avoidance of all causes mentioned, and particularly of such as may 
seem to be particularly operative in the particular case. If abortions 
have already occurred in a stud, the especial cause in the matter of 
feed, water, exposure to injuries, overwork, lack of exercise, etc., 
may often be identified and removed. A most important point is to 
avoid all causes of constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, bloating, vio- 
lent purgatives, diuretics or other potent medicines, painful opera- 
tions, and slippery roads, unless well frosted. 
When abortion is imminent, the mare should be placed alone in a 
roomy, dark, quiet stall, and have the straining checked by some 
sedative. Laudanum is usually at hand and may be given in doses of 
1 or 2 ounces, according to size, and repeated after two or three hours, 
and even daily if necessary. Chloroform or chloral hydrate, 3 drams, 
may be substituted if more convenient. These should be given in a 
pint or quart of water, to avoid burning the mouth and throat. Or 
Viburnum prunifolium (black haw), 1 ounce, may be given and re- 
peated if necessary to prevent straining. 
When all measures fail and miscarriage proceeds, all that can be 
done is to assist in the removal of the fetus and its membranes, as in 
ordinary parturition. As in the case of retention of the fetus, it may 
be necessary after delivery to employ antiseptic injections into the 
womb to counteract putrid fermentation. This, however, is less nec- 
essary in the mare than in the cow, in which the prevalent contagious 
abortion must be counteracted by the persistent local use of antisep- 
tics. After abortion a careful hygiene is demanded, especially in the 
matter of pure air and easily digestible feed. The mare should not 
