DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 199 
If the labor has been long in progress and the fetus is jammed into 
the pelvis, the womb emptied of the waters, and firmly contracted on 
its solid contents, the case is incomparably more difficult. The mare 
may be chloroformed and turned on her back with-hind parts ele- 
vated, and the womb may be injected with sweet oil. Then, if the 
ear can be reached, the correction of the malpresentation may be at- 
tempted as above described. Should this fail, one or more sharp 
hooks may be inserted in the neck as near the head as can be reached, 
and ropes attached to these may be dragged on, while the body of the 
foal is pushed back by the fore limbs or by a repeller. Such repul- 
sion should be made in a direction obliquely upward toward the loins 
of the mother, so as to rotate the fetus in such a way as to bring the 
head up. As this is accomplished a hold should be secured nearer 
and nearer to the nose, with hand or hook, until the head can be 
straightened out on the neck. 
All means failing, it becomes necessary to remove the fore limbs 
(embryotomy) so as to make more space for bringing up the head. 
If, even then, this can not be accomplished, it may be possible to 
push the body backward and upward with the repeller until the hind 
limbs are brought to the passage, when they may be noosed and 
delivery effected with the posterior presentation. 
Heap TURNED ON sHOULDERS.—In this case the fore feet present, 
and the oiled hand passed along the fore arms in search of the missing 
head finds the side of the neck turned to one side, the head being per- 
haps entirely out of reach. (Plate XVIII, fig. 1.) To bring the head 
forward it may be desirable to lay the mare on the side opposite to 
that to which the head is turned, and even to give chloroform or 
ether. Then the feet’ being noosed, the body of the fetus is pushed 
by the hand or repeller forward and to the side opposite to that 
occupied by the head until the head comes within reach, near the 
entrance of the pelvis. If such displacement of the fetus is difficult, 
it may be facilitated by a free use of oil or lard. When the nose 
can be seized it can be brought into the passage, as when the head is 
_turned down. If it can not be reached, the orbit may be availed of to 
draw the head forward until the nose can be seized or the lower jaw 
noosed. In very difficult cases a rope may be passed around the neck 
by the hand or with the aid of a curved carrier (Plate XIV), and 
traction may be made upon this while the body is being rotated to 
the other side. In the same way in bad cases a hook may be fixed in 
the orbit or even between the bones of the lower jaw to assist in 
bringing the head up into position. Should all fail, the amputation 
of the fore limbs may be resorted to, as advised under the last 
heading. 
HeaD TURNED UPWARD ON BACK.—This differs from the last mal- 
presentation only in the direction of the head, which has to be sought 
