DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 201 
HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEG BENT AT HOcK.—In this form the 
quarters.of the foal with the hind legs bent up beneath them present, 
but can not advance through the pelvis by reason of their bulk. 
(PlateXV, fig. 3.) The oiled hand introduced can recognize the out- 
line of the buttocks, with the tail and anus in the center and the 
sharp points of the hocks beneath. First pass a rope around each 
limb at the hock, then with hand or repeller push the buttocks back- 
ward and upward, until the feet can be brought up into the passages. 
To this the great length of the shank and pastern in the foal is a 
serious obstacle, and in all cases the foot should be protected in the 
palm of the hand while being brought up over the brim of the pelvis; - 
otherwise the womb may be torn. When the pains are too violent 
and constant to allow effective manipulation, some respite may be 
obtained by the use of chloroform or morphin and by turning the 
mare on her back, but too often the operator fails and the foal must 
be sacrificed. Two courses are still open: First, to cut through the 
cords behind and above the hock and extend the upper part of the 
limb, leaving the hock bent, and extract in this way, and, second, to 
amputate the hind limbs at the hip joint and remove them separately, 
after which the body may be extracted. 
HIND PRESENTATION WITH LEGS BENT FORWARD FROM HIP.—This is 
merely an aggravated form of the presentation last described. (Plate 
XVII, fig. 1.) If the mare is roomy, a rope may be passed around 
each thigh and the body pushed upward and forward, so as to bring 
the hocks and heels upward. If this can be accomplished, nooses 
are placed on the limb further and further down until the fetlock 
is reached and brought into position. If failure is met with, then 
amputation at the hips is the last resort. 
HIND PRESENTATIONS WITH BACK TURNED SIDEWAYS OR DOWN WARD.— 
These are the counterparts of similar anterior presentations and 
are to be managed in the same way. 
PRESENTATION OF THE BACK.—This is rare, yet not unknown, the 
foal being bent upon itself with the back, recognizable by its sharp 
row of spines, presented at the entrance of the pelvis and the head 
and all four feet turned back into the womb. (Plate XVI, fig. 1.) 
The body of the fetus may be extended across the opening trans- 
versely, so that the head corresponds to one side(right or left), 
or it may be vertical, with the head above or below. 
In any such position the object should be to push the body of the 
fetus forward and upward or to one side, as may best promise to bring 
up the fore or hind extremities, and bring the latter into the pas- 
sage so as to constitute a normal anterior or posterior presentation. 
This turning of the fetus may be favored by a given position of the 
mother, by the free use of oil or lard on the surface of the fetus, and 
by the use of a propeller. 
