278 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
the protrusion of the haw over a portion of the lower and inner part 
of the eye, but by gentleness and careful graduation of the pressure 
this may be kept within bounds, and oftentimes even the interior of 
the eye can be seen. Asa rule it is best to use the right hand for the 
left eye, and the left hand for the right, the finger in each case being 
pressed on the upper lid while the thumb depresses the lower one. In 
cases in which it is desirable to examine the inner side of the eyelid 
further than is possible by the above means, the upper lid may be 
drawn down by the eyelashes with the one hand and then everted 
over the tip of the forefinger of the other hand, or over a probe laid 
flat against the middle of the lid. When the interior of the eye must 
be examined it is useless to make the attempt in the open sunshine or 
under a clear sky. The worst cases, it is true, can be seen under such 
circumstances, but for the slighter forms the horse should be taken 
indoors, where all light from above will be shut off, and should be 
placed so that the light may fall on the eye from the front and side. 
Then the observer, placing himself in front of the animal, will receive 
the reflected rays from the cornea, the front of the lens and the back, 
and can much more easily detect any cloudiness, opacity, or lack of 
transparency. The examination can be made much more satisfactory 
by placing the horse in a dark chamber and illuminating the eye by 
a lamp placed forward and outward from the eye which is to be exam- 
ined. Any cloudiness is thus easily detected, and any doubt may be 
resolved by moving the lamp so that the image of the flame may be 
passed in succession over the whole surface of the transparent cornea 
and of the crystalline lens. Three images of the flame will be seen, 
the larger one upright, reflected from the anterior surface of the eye; 
a smaller one upright, reflected from the anterior surface of the lens; 
and a second small one inverted from the back surface of the lens. 
So long as these images are reflected from healthy surfaces they 
will be clear and perfect in outline, but as soon as one strikes on an 
area of opacity it will become diffused, cloudy, and indefinite. Thus, 
if the large, upright image becomes hazy and imperfect over a partic- 
ular spot of the cornea, that will be found to be the seat of disease 
and opacity. Should the large image remain clear, but the small 
upright one become diffuse and indefinite over a given point, it indi- 
cates opacity on the front of the capsule of the lens. If both upright 
images remain clear while the inverted one becomes indistinct at a 
given point, then the opacity is in the substance of the lens itself or in 
the posterior part of its capsule. 
If in a given case the pupil remains so closely contracted that the 
deeper parts of the eye can not be seen, the eyelids may be rubbed 
with extract of belladonna, and in a short time the pupil will be 
found widely dilated. 
