50 PxrINCIPLES OF FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 
they produced fell considerably short of what the same amounts of 
digestible components contained therein would have produced, if 
fed separately. 
In the case of these feeds the work of mastication and digestion 
reduced their nutritive effect, and they were given lower valuation 
numbers as a result. The following method of comparison of the 
production values of feeding stuffs was accordingly adopted by 
Kellner. The starch values were determined on a basis of the 
amount of fat produced by the different digestible components, viz. : 
1 part digestible protein, 0.94 starch value. 
1 part digestible fat from oil-bearing seeds and oil meals, 2.41 
starch value. 
from cereals and their by-products, 2.12 starch value. 
from hay and straw, roots and their by-products, 1.91 starch 
value. 
1 part digestible carbohydrates and fiber, 1.0 starch value. 
. If the nutrients of the particular feed can be regarded as of full 
value, it is only necessary to add starch values of the three groups 
of nutrients as shown above, which gives the total starch values of 
the feed. If they were given lower values, the total valuation ob- 
tained according to the preceding equivalent figures is reduced 
by the respective valuation values. The starch values thus obtained 
have been calculated for all kinds of European feeding stuffs, and 
are published in standard German reference books. The starch or 
“ production values” for American feeding stuffs which have been 
published by Armsby are given in the Appendix. : 
Kellner also formulated feeding standards for the various classes 
of farm animals, which give the amounts of dry matter, digestible 
true protein, and starch equivalents required for maintenance and 
production in each case. These follow rather closely the Wolff- 
Lehmann standards, except for the introduction of the starch 
equivalents. 
Critique of the Starch Values.—The Kellner starch values 
and standards are the latest contributions to our knowledge of the 
relative values of feeding stuffs and the feed requirements of farm 
animals, They have been accepted by some European writers and 
students of animal nutrition, while others, and good authorities 
among them, consider that we are not, at the present stage of our 
knowledge, warranted in applying the data obtained to other 
*The valuation figures’ for the various feeding stuffs are giyen in 
Kellner’s two books, “ Ernihrung d. Landw. Nutztiere” and “ Fiitterungs- 
lehre,” and in the English translation of the lattér book, “The Scientific 
Feeding of Animals” (London, 1909). 
