NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FEEDING STUFFS 51 
classes of farm animals than steers, nor indeed to other conditions 
of fattening steers than where these are fed moderate rations, at 
the early stage of the fattening period.® 
The starch values very likely furnish substantially correct in- 
formation for the study of rations and the feed requirements for 
fattening cattle, and may be safely adopted for this purpose. They 
are less reliable for growing animals and, especially, for milch cows, 
and due credit is not given to high-protein feeds and rations when 
these values are applied to the feeding of these animals. 
A comparison of the figures, e.g., for Indian corn (starch value, 
88.8 therms),’ oil meal (78.9), pea meal (71.8), dried brewers’ 
grains (60.0), wheat bran (48.2), and malt sprouts (46.3), will 
at once show that the figures do not express the true relative nutritive 
values of these feeds for the purposes stated. The explanation of 
the apparent discrepancies very likely is to be sought in the fact 
that in case of milk-producing and growing animals the protein of 
the feed possesses a higher value than for fattening. In the latter 
case the animal utilizes only the difference between the total energy 
of the digestible protein and that of the solids in the urine, while 
in the former a considerable proportion of the protein is changed’ 
directly into milk and flesh proteins. Instead of calculating the 
starch values on the basis of one pound protein equals 0.94 starch 
value, it has been proposed by Hansson® to allow the full energy 
value of protein, viz., 1.43; this method appears to make the starch 
value system applicable also to milch cows. 
The Kellner-Armsby’s standards for feeding farm animals are 
given in Part III, under the respective classes of animals. 
5 Zuntz, Mo. Bulletin International Institute of Agriculture, v 
(1914), No. 4, p. 440; Landw. Jahrb., 44, p. 761; Pott, “ Handb. tier. 
Ernihrung,” vol. 3, ii, p. iv. The following quotation from Farmers’ 
Bulletin 346 by Armsby is also of interest in this connection: “The 
Kellner production values ... show primarily the value of these different 
feeding stuffs for the production of gkin in mature fattening cattle. Even 
for this purpose many of them are confessedly approximate estimates, and 
still less can they be regarded as strictly accurate for other kinds of animals 
and other purposes of feeding. Nevertheless, there seems to be reason 
for believing that they also represent fairly well the relative values of 
feeding stuffs for sheep at least, and probably for horses, and for 
growth and milk production as well as for fattening. ... As regards 
swine, the matter is far less certain, and it may perhaps be questioned 
whether the values given in the table are any more satisfactory for this 
animal than the older ones.” See also Armsby, Cycl. Amer. Agr., vol. iii, 
p- 67, and Murray, “Chemistry of Cattle Feeding and Dairying,” p. 222, 
* Wood and Yule, Journal Agr. Science, v, 1914, p. 248, 
TTable IV in Appendix. 
® Centralanst, Ber., Stockholm, No, 85, 
