VARIOUS FACTORY BY-PRODUCTS 183 
condition of the feed market and the integrity of the manufacturer. 
Oat hulls are frequently ground and used as adulterants for ground 
corn and oats, or oat feeds (p. 168). Unless present in excessive 
quantities, the true quality of these feeds can be determined only 
by chemical analysis, and it is not safe, therefore, to buy such feeds 
except on a guarantee, and of reputable feed dealers or manu- 
facturers. 
Barley Feed.—In the manufacture of pearl barley or barley 
flour only one by-product is obtained, which is sold under the name 
of barley feed or meal. It resembles wheat bran closely in com- 
position, except that it contains a somewhat higher percentage of 
nitrogen-free extract and less fiber. The two feeds may, in general, 
be considered of similar feeding value. 
Rye Feeds.—Rye is used in this country mainly in the manu- 
facture of spirits and for feeding livestock; the manufacture of 
rye flour is a relatively unimportant industry. The refuse from 
rye mills is sold either as rye feed or as two separate feeds, rye bran 
and rye middlings. The process of manufacture is similar to that 
of the wheat feeds. Rye feed contains, on the average, about 15.5 
per cent protein, 0.3 per cent fat, and 5 per cent fiber. It is, 
therefore, considerably lower in fiber than wheat bran, but other- 
wise quite similar in composition to this feed. It is often sold ata 
lower price than wheat bran, and is then an economical feed, well 
worthy of a trial for feeding dairy cows or pigs. It should be fed 
in moderate amounts to pigs, as it will otherwise produce a soft 
pork of inferior quality. In Germany rye feed is considered a 
more valuable feeding stuff than wheat bran, as it is believed to 
be more easily digested and more nutritious.? This may be due to 
the fact that rye and rye feed contain a large amount of diastase, 
which is found in only small amounts in wheat bran. There are 
also marked differences in the protein substances of the two cereals, 
the most important one being that rye contains no glutenin, which, 
with gliadin, forms the main protein substance of wheat. 
Buckwheat Feeds.—Buckwheat flour mills supply the feed 
market with three or four by-products, viz., buckwheat hulls, bran, 
middlings, and feed. Buckwheat hulls are the coarse, black cover- 
ing of the buckwheat kernels, which are readily separated there- 
from. They have practically no feeding value whatever, although, 
if finely ground, they may serve a purpose as dilutant of heavy 
feeds, like corn meal or buckwheat middlings. The hulls contain 
3 Pott, “ Landw. Futtermittel,” 3, ii, p. 164. 
