SUGAR FACTORY FEEDS AND OIL MEALS » 203 
feeding. It makes a good substitute for linseed meal, pound for 
pound, for dairy cows, and is one of the most promising concen- 
trates available for stock feeding; the only objection to its use, so 
far as is known, is its cost, which is, as a rule, considerably above 
that of linseed meal or cotton-seed meal. 
Peanut Meal.—This residue is obtained in the manufacture of 
peanut oil. It is rarely fed in this country, but it is one of the 
common oil meals used by European dairy farmers. The meal on 
the market is manufactured either from hulled or whole peanuts, 
the former being the more valuable. It is one of our most con- 
centrated and digestible nitrogenous feeds, containing, on the aver- 
age, nearly 50 per cent protein, 7.3 per cent fat, 5.0 per cent fiber, 
24.5 per cent nitrogen-free extract, and 5.2 per cent ash. The pro- 
tein substances and the nitrogen-free extract are 90 per cent di- 
gestible, and the fat 89 per cent digestible. It is, therefore, a con- 
siderably richer feed than either cotton-seed meal or soybean meal, 
and, like these, is well worthy of a trial or a more extended use by 
our dairy and stock farmers. In Europe peanut meal is fed espe- 
cially to dairy cows, which receive two or three pounds thereof 
daily per head, generally mixed with other kinds of oil meal and 
grain. It is also often fed as sole concentrate, however; a common 
ration for dairy cows in southern Germany and Switzerland is 
composed of about 20 pounds meadow hay and two to four pounds 
peanut meal, according to the production of the cows. It is also 
a good feed for fattening steers, and is fed to horses as a partial 
substitute for oats, viz., in place of 13.2 pounds (6 kilos) of oats, 
8.8 pounds oats and 2.2 pounds peanut meal, and in place of 11 
pounds of oats, 6.6 pounds oats and 8.3 pounds peanut meal. This 
oil meal is also used with good results in feeding young stock, espe- 
cially foals. On account of its high fat and protein contents, it 
has a rather poor keeping quality ; it is sometimes adulterated with 
residues from other oil-bearing seeds or with peanut hulls, and 
should, therefore, always be bought on analysis. 
QUESTIONS | 
1. Describe the by-products obtained in the manufacture of (a) cane-sugar, 
(b) beet-sugar; and give the main uses to which these are put in feeding 
farm animals, 
2. What are the general methods of manufacturing oil meals? 
3. Give the main oil meals used for feeding farm animals in this country, 
and their characteristic properties. 
4. Give the swelling test for determining when linseed meal is old- or new- 
process. 
5. Give a simple test for purity of cotton-seed meal. 
6. Are cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls used as sole feeds for farm 
animals; if so, under what conditions and for what purpose? 
