ANIMAL FEEDS 205 
-meal or beef scraps contain 40 to 50 per cent protein, 8 per cent or 
more of fat, and about 25 per cent ash, largely phosphate of lime 
(bone). 
An important use of meat meal and similar feeds is in poultry 
feeding. Experiments at Geneva (N. Y.) and other stations have 
established the superior value of animal proteins in feeding poultry, 
especially ducks. It is likely that this value depends, to a large 
extent, on the mineral matter supplied in these feeds, and not 
especially on the protein which they contain; better results are 
generally obtained, however, by feeding both classes of nutrignts 
combined in the same feeding stuff rather than separately, as, ¢.g., 
grain feeds with ashes or bone meal. 
Fish meal, or fish meat meal, contains amounts of protein, fat, 
and mineral matter similar to good grades of meat meal, and may 
be considered of about equal value to this feed, pound for pound, 
for feeding poultry or swine, when manufactured from fresh fish 
refuse by modern sanitary methods. Besides being a valuable 
poultry feed, fish meal may be fed to horse and cattle in a limited 
way where an extra supply of protein in the rations seems desirable. 
In northern Europe it is occasionally fed to dairy cows in amounts 
of one to two pounds per head daily, mixed with other concentrates, 
and is considered an economical feed, well adapted for this purpose, 
although the cows at first object to its peculiar odor. 
Bone meal or ground bone is likewise used for feeding poultry, 
and, in a small way, with Indian corn for pigs, in order to correct 
the lack of ash materials in this cereal (p. 300). One-half ounce 
ground phosphate rock (floats) may be given daily to calves or 
pigs for the same purpose.t ~ 
II. DAIRY FEEDS 
The dairy products form a most important group of feeds for 
livestock. Owing to the value of whole cows’ milk as a human food, 
and as the raw material for the manufacture of cream, butter, 
cheese, etc., it is only used for stock feeding in the case of beef 
animals, and for dairy and breeding animals during the early life 
of the calves. It is, therefore, not necessary to describe in this 
place the chemical or physical properties of all milk, beyond a few 
observations as to its value for young stock: 
Colostrum Milk.—Immediately after calving a thick, viscous 
liquid, known as colostrum, is secreted by the cow; in the course 
1 Wisconsin Research Bulletin 1. 
