FEEDING HORSES AND MULES 281 
horse to move his own body a distance of one mile at the speed given, and the 
expenditure of energy for locomotion will, therefore, be 264 X 20 equals 5280 
Calories. To these amounts must be added the maintenance requirements of 
oe aminal) viz., 4356 Calories. The available energy required per day will 
en be 
Calories 
For useful work: -<s/¢2 ssc acters. sandie  Bicleced aed hve 10,929 
For locomotion ............2...ccccueeeeceaees 5,280 
For maintenance .............ccce ec cceeceeaas 4,356 
20,565 
If we assume 10 pounds of hay and 10 pounds of oats as the basis of the 
ration of the horse, the remainder of the food to be supplied in the form of 
corn, we have: 
Calories 
Net available energy required .................. 20,565 
In 10 pounds of hay .................... 3,270 
10 pounds of oats ...............00006. 8,820 
12,090 
Lacking sysaros ste cis eases a scesdt eh a ea ale 8,475 
Corn required to coniplete the ration: 8,475 ~ 1263 = 6.7 pounds. 
By a similar method of calculation and the use of Kellner production 
values (p. 50), we arrive at 8.3 pounds of oats as the amount required to 
complete the ration. ‘ ves 
The available energy in feeding stuffs for horses has not been 
determined directly, but is from computed data, “some of which 
appear of questionable validity” (Armsby), and we must, there- 
fore, look upon calculations like the foregoing as showing only 
approximately the true energy requirements of horses for work. 
As a general guide to the feed requirements at work, . Kellner 
recommends the amounts per thousand pounds live weight given at 
the beginning of the chapter under Kellner-Armsby standards. 
Having now sketched in merest outline the application of some 
of the scientific principles that have been worked out of late years 
with regard to the relation of feed requirements of horses for work 
of different kinds, we shall consider briefly the practical feeding of 
horses and some important questions that have bearing on this 
subject. 
Feeding the Mare and the Foal.—The new-born foal is always 
given the colostrum of the dam. This has purgative properties and 
serves to cleanse the alimentary tract of fecal matters. As a general 
tule, the foal depends wholly on the milk of his dam for his nourish- 
ment for the first couple of months, and largely so until toward 
weaning time. It is important to feed the mare while suckling 
her colt with a view to having a good supply of milk. If possible, 
