Questions 1 97 



96. Explain the essential differences of structure in the fruits of the 

 Strawberry and Blackberry. (1881.) 



97. How do the fleshy parts of the Strawberry, Blackberry, Apple, 

 and Plum originate ? (1876.) 



98. Describe as fully as you can the structure of an Apple, and explain 

 the origin of the different parts. (1879.) 



99. Explain the terms ' epicarp,' ' mesocarp,' ' endocarp,' ' loculicidal,' 

 • septifragal, ' ' circumscissile. ' 



100. Describe the fruits of a Buttercup and of a Pink. In what re- 

 spects do they agree and in what respects do they differ ? {1883. ) 



1 01. Describe, with sketches, the structures seen in transverse sections 

 of the fruit of an Apple and of an Orange respectively. Point out, as far as 

 you can, the parts in each case of which the structural value is the same. 

 (1884.) 



102. In what points of structure does an ovule differ from a, seed ? 

 (1880.) 



103. What are '- endosperm ' and ' perisperm ' ? Also give the struc- 

 ture of the arillus. 



104. There are three distinct modes in which water moves in the 

 plant. State what they are, and describe the experiments by which you' 

 would prove their existence. {1884.) 



105. What is the channel by which the leaves of a plant make up for 

 the loss of water by transpiration ? Where does the water come from ? 



106. Why can a tree be transplanted more safely in the winter than in 

 the summer? (1877.) 



107. When a branch of a tree is cut off, why do the leaves of the branch 

 fade, while those of the tree remain fresh ? (1876 and 1880.) 



108. What constituents of sunlight are most effective in producing the 

 chemical changes on which the nutrition of plants depends ? 



109. What is a hybrid ? (1876.) 



no. What are the characters of the two groups of flowering plants ? 



111. Describe the typical structure of a stamen. State the peculi- 

 arities characteristic of those of a Crucifer, a Composite, a Labiate, and a 

 Grass. (1880.) 



112. In what important respects does the fruit of a cruciferous plant 

 (such as Shepherd's-purse) differ from that of a leguminous plant (such as 

 a Pea) ? How can the differences be accounted for ? (1880.) 



113. Describe the general structure of the ovary and of the fruit in 

 Rosacese and Leguminosse. 



1 14. Compare the natural orders Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae. 



115. Give an account of the structure of the head of a Daisy. (1880.) 



1 16. What is the difference between an annual and a perennial plant ? 

 (1875- ) 



