CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS IN CANADA, UNITED STATES, AND ELSEWHERE 107 



is grown before barley to ensure a more uniform 

 sample of the latter. Grain and stock are sold. 



1, Turnips ; 2, barley ; 3, barley ; , 4, clover, 

 grazed until May and then allowed to mature seed ; 

 5, wheat ; 6, oats. 



1, Turnips ; 2, barley ; 3, peas ; 4, fallow or 

 intertilled crop ; 5, wheat ; 6, oats. 



Common North England and Scotch. 



5-course : 1, Wheat or oats ; 2, turnips and pota- 

 toes, part in each ; 3, barley or oats ; 4, clover and 

 grass mown ; 5, pasture. This permits heavy crop- 

 ping and there is but one intertilled crop in five ; 

 labor bill comparatively light. 



Scotch (Lothians) 5-course. Land rented high : 

 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes or beans ; 3, wheat ; 4, tur- 

 nips ; 5, wheat or barley ; 6, clover or grass. 



Scotch 7-course used in the north of Scotland : 



1, Oats ; 2, barley ; 3, turnips ; 4, oats ; 5, 6, 7, 

 clover and grass. Practically all of the crops are 

 fed to the stock. Sometimes the oats are made into 

 oatmeal. 



Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1762 : 

 The Aberdeen rotation : 1, Bere ; 2, oats ; 3, 

 oats. Long practiced. 

 The East Lothian : 1, Summer fallow, manured ; 



2, barley ; 3, oats ; 4, peas ; 5, wheat. 



The Carse : 1, Summer fallow and peas ; 2, 

 wheat ; 3, barley ; 4, oats. 



The Norfolk 4-course was also used. 



Scotland, A. D., 1900, W. S. Ferguson, Picston- 

 hill, Perth; farm, 1,000 acres : 1, Oats ; 2, turnips ; 



3, barley ; 4, potatoes ; 5, wheat ; 6, grass for one 

 or two years. 



George Bell, Brrol, Perth : 1, Wheat ; 2, turnips ; 



3, barley or oats with grass and clover ; 4, meadow; 

 5 and 6, pasture ; 7, oats ; 8, potatoes. 



W. P. Bell, Dundee, farm, 2,000 acres. .His rota- 

 tion is : 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes ; 3, wheat ; 4, turnips; 

 5, oats ; 6 and 7, grass, cut green and sold. For the 

 past one hundred years all crops have been sold off 

 the farm in Dundee, and manure hauled back, the 

 grass going to cow-keepers. The farm is as pro- 

 ductive as ever. ' 



Cunningham, of Delachy, Aberdour. Area, 593 

 acres. Half the farm is in grass, the remainder is 

 cropped as follows : 1, Potatoes ; 2, wheat ; 3, 

 turnips ; 4, barley ; 5, hay ; 6, oats. Cattle and 

 sheep are bred and sold fat. None are bought for 

 fattening. 



IV. Other Rotations 



Europe. Used by beet-growers, 1900. 



3-course: 1, Oats (manured); 2, beets ; 3, wheat. 



3-course : 1, Oats ; 2, beets (manured); 3, wheat. 



4-course : 1, Wheat; 2, beets (manured); 3, bar- 

 ley or oats ; 4, clover. 



4-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover ; 3, rye, or oats ; 



4, beets (manured). 



Ireland. Flax-growing regions. In use in 1906. 



4-course : 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes, mangels or tur- 

 nips ; 3, oats, barley or flax ; 4, rye-grass and 

 clover. By changes in 2 and 3, this can be made 

 8-course, flax being grown once in eight years. 



Bavaria. (Schubert, 1700-1800.) 



1, Potatoes ; 2, barley ; 3, clover ; 4, wheat. 

 The land became clover-sick under this system. 

 This was later found to be true by Lawes and Gil- 

 bert, Rothamsted, England, in the Norfolk four- 

 course of roots, barley, clover, wheat ; and still 

 more recently by Terry, in Ohio, in his rotation of 

 wheat, clover and potatoes. 



Belgium. Flax-growing districts. In use 1906. 



7-course : 1, Rye ; 2, oats ; 3, clover ; 4, barley 

 or rye ; 5, potatoes ; 6, barley, wheat or rye ; 7, 

 flax. Clover or carrot seed is often sown with the 

 flax. The rotation is often extended to an 8-, 9- 

 or 10-course, but practically none of the land is 

 seeded for pasture. 



France. 



1750. Main crop woad : 1, Wheat ; 2, millet ; 3, 

 woad ; 4, grass, allowed to remain several years ; 

 sometimes two successive crops of woad were 

 taken. 



For sailron, A. D. 1750, eighteen to twenty 

 years rotation, the statement being made that it 

 could not be grown at closer intervals. The crop 

 takes four years to mature : 1, Land fallowed and 

 frequently plowed ; 2-6, saffron, one crop ; 7, oats, 

 and seeded to sainfoin ; 8-16, sainfoin cut for hay ; 

 17, grapes for several years or barley ; 18, wheat ; 

 and then land fallowed as before. 



1750. Main crop teasel : 1, Land manured, fall- 

 and spring-plowed and sown to wheat or rye in 

 fall, teasel seed sown with it or in spring ; 2 and 8, 

 teasel, takes two years to mature. 



1750-1760. Main crop flax: 1, Fallow; 2, 

 fallow ; 3, flax ; 4, grass for several years. 



1, Maize or turnips ; 2, beans ; 3, flax ; 4, grass 

 for several years. 



1, Flax or hemp ; 2, turnips or other roots ; 3, 

 wheat or barley ; 4, clover or alfalfa for several 

 years. 



1, Beans ; 2, carrots ; 3, wheat or barley ; 4, 

 alfalfa or clover for several years. 



Normandy and Guienne, 1750 : 



2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, fallow. 



2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover. 



2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, maize, land manured.- 



3-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover, sown on wheat ; 

 stubble irrigated and grazed by sheep in winter, 

 and spring, irrigated again later and mown for 

 hay ; 3, land plowed and sown to kidney beans or 

 millet. 



Patullo's rotation for rich land : 1, Fallow, 

 manured, sown to wheat in fall ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats 

 or barley ; 4, wheat. 



1760. Patullo's rotation for light land. Land 

 cleared, fallowed, manured and wheat sown in fall; 

 1, Wheat, stubble plowed and sown to turnips ; 2, 

 peas, followed by turnips as a catch-crop; 3, barley, 

 and seeded with clover ; 4, clover (hay) manured ; 

 5, clover (hay); 6, clover grazed and plowed in 

 fall ; 7, barley ; 8, wheat. 



Angoumois, 1760: 1, Meslin of barley, oats, 

 wheat, peas, etc., cut green; 2, maize ; 3, wheat ; 

 4, barley or oats or a mixture of same ; 5, fallow. 



