108 CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS IN CANADA, UNITED STATES. AND ELSEWHERE 



1, Maize ; 2, wheat ; 3, maize, barley or oats ; 

 4, wheat or fallow. 



1760, 5-course: 1, Maize; 2, potatoes; 3, wheat; 



4, clover, mown ; 5, clover pasture, for one or more 

 years. 



1, Turnips, carrots, potatoes fed to stock; 2, 

 wheat or barley ; 3, alfalfa for several years. 



Normandy and Brittany, 1760: 1, Oats; 2, 

 gorse or whin for several years, cut for stock and 

 bruised. 



11 years : 1, oats, sown thinly and sainfoin ; 

 2-10, sainfoin, mown ; 11, wheat or rye. 



Bayeux. 1760. Ten years, good : 1, Buckwheat, 

 sown end of June, land manured, followed by 

 wheat ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats or barley ; 4, peas, 

 vetches or turnips, and sown to wheat in fall ; 5, 

 wheat ; 6, oats and clover seed ; 7-10, clover, 

 pastured. 



Holland. Plax-growing district near Rotterdam. 



In use 1906. 



7-course : 1, Rye or wheat ; 2, beets or oats, 



manured ; 3, flax, the land having been previously 



manured with liquid manure ; 4, beans or clover ; 



5, potatoes ; 6, rye or oats ; 7, clover. The rotar 

 tion is not so strictly adhered to as formerly, 

 owing to various economic conditions, largely 

 scarcity of labor. Land is rented at about fifteen 

 dollars per acre, per annum. 



Italy. Old rotations. A. D., 1500-1600. 



1, Millet ; 2, wheat. 



Brescia : 1, Flax and millet ; 2, maize ; 3, wheat ; 

 4, pasture for a long time. 



Brescia : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover ; 3, flax and mil- 

 let ; 4, maize ; 5, pasture for several years. 



Venice. 



C. Tarello, 1566, suggested the following 4- 

 course and was granted a royalty thereon, same to 

 be paid by any person using the rotation : 



1, Fallow (manured) ; 2, grain ; 3, clover and 

 grass ; 4, clover and grass. 



Russia. (I. M. Rubinow, United States Bureau of 

 Statistics, Bulletin No. 42, p. 53.) There is lit- 

 tle systematic rotation of crops in practice. 



The most primitive system in vogue, and the one 

 largely used both in European Russia and Siberia, 

 is to clear the land from the forest and sow to 

 wheat or rye, which are grown continuously until 

 the yield is reduced to almost nothing, when the 

 land is abandoned for 10, 15 or even 30 years. 



A more advanced system is the "three-field," 

 consisting of : 1, Winter rye ; 2, spring-wheat ; 3, 

 fallow ; or, 1, winter rye; 2, oats ; 3, fallow. 



In some regions, the introduction of potatoes, 

 sugar-beets, maize, tobacco and sown grasses has 

 led to their use in the system instead of the fallow. 



Egypt 



3-course on reclaimed irrigated alkali land : 1, 

 Samar (Cyperus lasvigatus, a reed) ; 2, rice ; 3, 

 cotton. 



1, Samar ; 2, cotton ; 3, maize. 



India, in general. 



The rotation of crops is well understood and is 

 generally practiced with more or less system. 

 Voelcker states that the same fields have grown 

 the same crops on much the same system as at 

 present for centuries ; it is averred, too, that, by 

 rotation and fallows, the land receives the neces- 

 sary change of cropping and the " rest " from cul- 

 tivation which prevents its going down in quality 

 (p. 36, Indian Agriculture). A remarkable feature 

 is the frequent use of legumes and the sowing of 

 mixtures of crops together, the same to be har- 

 vested at diiferent times. For example : 



Juar or millet (^Sorghum vulgare) and arhar or 

 pigeon pea (Cajanus Indicus) are sown in alternate 

 rows like corn and cowpeas in the southern states; 

 a grain and a leguminous crop being secured from 

 the land in one year. 



Cotton and arhar, or 



Cotton and juar (millet) sown together are often 

 more profitable than cotton alone. 



Wheat and gram or chick-pea (Cicer arietinum). 



Wheat and mustard. 



Wheat, barley and gram (Cicer arietinum). 



Wheat, barley, gram and rape. 



(From Report on the Improvement of Indian 

 Agriculture, J. A. Voelcker, pp. 234, 235.) 



The following crops are placed in the order in 

 which they would ripen and be cut ; two or more of 

 them are often sown together. 



Rape, sveti-sorse, mustard, lentil, linseed, native 

 peas (Pisum arvense), khesari {Lathyrus sativus), 

 wheat, barley and gram or chick-pea. (From Hand- 

 book of Indian Agriculture, p. 266, N. G. Mukerji.) 



Rice is grown continuously on flooded land. 



Indigo (a legume) is frequently grown contin- 

 uously on the same land. 



Bengal. 



Main crop sugar. Pour crops in two years. Prep- 

 aration : Jungle cleared in March to May and sown 

 to aus paddy or maize, which is harvested in Sep- 

 tember ; then potatoes : 1, Potatoes, harvested in 

 February and sugar-cane planted; 2, sugar-cane, 

 harvested in February and followed by either cow- 

 peas, dhaincha {Sesbania aculeata), sunn hemp {Croto- 

 laria juneea) or indigo, to be succeeded by potatoes, 

 gram (Sorghum vulgare) or pulse, preferably kurthi 

 (Dolickos biflorus). 



High and light soils. Nine crops in five years : 

 1, Aus paddy (May^to September), followed by a 

 pulse or oilseed crop or the two mixed together 

 (October to March); 2, jute (April to September); 

 followed by a pulse or oilseed crop or the two 

 mixed together (October to March); 3, aus paddy 

 (May to September), followed by potatoes (October 

 to February) ; 4, sugar-cane (February to February) ; 

 5, aus paddy (May to September), followed by a 

 pulse crop (October to March). (Handbook of Indian 

 Agriculture, p. 367, N. G. Mukerji.) 



For low and light soils. Eight crops in five years: 

 1, Maize, sown in April, til (Sesamum Indicum), 

 and barley, sown in September ; 2, sugar-cane, 

 sown in February ; 3, sunn hemp and jute, sown in 

 March, and mustard and country-peas (as distin- 



