CROP ROTATION SYSTEMS IN CANADA, UNITED STATES, AND ELSEWHERE 109 



guished from European or American peas), sown in 

 October ; 4, aman paddy, sown in June ; 6, cucur- 

 bitaceous catch-crop, sown in January, and aman 

 paddy, sown in June. 



For high and heavy land. Eight crops in six 

 years : 1, Sugar-cane, sown January to February ; 

 2, buhri cotton (if virgin soil), or (if old tilth) 

 arhar or pigeon-pea {Gajaniig IndieUs), sown in 

 May ; 3, jute, sown in April ; linseed and gram 

 (chick-pea), sown in October; 4, maize, sown in 

 April ; linseed or kalai {Phaseolus radiatus), sown 

 in October ; 5, aus paddy, sown in May ; cowpeas, 

 sown in September ; 6, fallow, also used as a cattle 

 run, on which the cattle graze and are fed. 



For low and heavy soils. Six crops in five years: 

 1, Aman paddy, sown in June, and a cucurbitaceous 

 catch-crop, sown in January ; 2, aman paddy, sown 

 in June ; 3, jute, sown in March, kalai (Phaseolus 

 radiatus), musuri or lentils (Ervum lens), khesari 

 (Lathyrus sativiis) and linseed, sown in October ; 

 4, aman paddy or a sugar-cane that can with- 

 stand water; 5, fallow. (Consult the Handbook 

 of Indian Agriculture, p. 368, by N. G. Mukerji, 

 Calcutta.) 



Burdwan division, India. 



Dearh land (sandy soils near rivers). A six-year 

 rotation, furnishing ten cropfe and one year fallow. 

 Good rotation, recommended for such conditions : 

 1, Aus paddy (an early-maturing, rather coarse 

 rice), followed by a pulse or oilseed crop, or the 

 two mixed together ; 2, jute, followed by a pulse 

 or oilseed crop or the two mixed together ; 3, aus 

 paddy, followed by sugar-cane ; 4, sugar-cane, fol- 

 lowed by aus paddy ; 5, potatoes, followed by aus 

 paddy ; 6, bare fallow. 



2-course : 1, Aus paddy ; 2, wheat or barley. 



Dacca. 



. 3-course : 1, Potatoes ; 2, rice or jute ; 3, chilies 

 (Capsicum frutescens). 



2-course : 1, Jute ; 2, tobacco or a pulse (legu- 

 minous) crop. 



Lohardaga. On uplands. 



4-course : 1, Millet ; 2, rice ; 3, pulse ; 4, millet, 

 followed by an oilseed or pulse crop. 



Palamau. 



3-course: 1, Cotton; 2, gingelly (oilseed); 3, 

 Kodo (millet, Paspalum serobieulatum). 



6-course : 1, Maize or millet ; 2, wheat ; 3, 

 wheat ; 4, wheat ; 5, legume ; 6, legume. (Voelcker, 

 Indian Agriculture, p. 235.) 



Northwest provinces of India. 



4<iourse : 1, Indigo ; 2, barley and peas : 3, fal- 

 low ; 4, wheat. 



4-course: 1, Millet ; 2, fallow (green crop plowed 

 in) ; 8, wheat or other winter cereal ; 4, millet. 



2-course : 1, Maize, with carrots between the 

 rows; 2, if rainfall is heavy, gram or chick-pea 

 (Oicer arietinum), poppy, mustard or safflower. 



2-course : 1, Maize, with carrots ; 2, wheat ' or 

 barley. 



Punjab. 



Three crops a year : Wheat or barley harvested 

 in March, followed by melons, harvested and land 

 fitted by July and sown to maize. (Handbook of 

 Indian Agriculture, Mukerji, p. 257.) 



4-course, with main crop sugar-cane: 1, Dhaincha 

 (Sesbania aculeata), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juneea), 

 or cowpeas (Vigna Catjang), cut when in bloom 

 (August), and potatoes planted in October ; 2, 

 potatoes, harvested in February and sugar-cane 

 planted ; 3, sugar-cane, harvested in February, and 

 land sown to arhar (pigeon-pea, Cajanus Indieus) 

 or aus paddy and then to potatoes ; 4, potatoes, 

 harvested and sugar-cane planted. 



4-course on dry (barani) land. Two years fallow, 

 two of crops : 1, Fallow ; 2, wheat and gram ; 3, 

 chari (fodder juar. Sorghum vulgare); 4, fallow. 



5-course on rich land: 1, Cotton; 2, senji (a 

 millet); 3, sugar-cane ; 4, maize ; 5, wheat. 



4-course : 1, Wheat or barley, with gram (chick- 

 pea) and oil seeds ; 2, jui,r (sorghum) or bdjra, 

 with pulses ; 3, fallow ; 4, fallow. (J. A. Voelcker, 

 Report on Indian Agriculture, p. 235.) 



Bom,bay. 



Gujarat: 1, Cotton ; 2, wheat or juar (sorghum); 



3, gram (chick-pea) or other legume. 



Mahim: 1 and 2, Betel vine (Piper Betel); 3, 

 ginger (Zingiber officinale); 4, sugar-cane ; 5 and 

 6, plantain (Mu^a sapientum); 1, rice. 



Surat: 1, Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juneea), plowed 

 in, followed by sugar-cane ; 2, sugar-cane ; 3, rice, 

 with arhar (Cajanus Indieus) or other legume ; 



4, legume. 



Konhan, on hill land : 1, Mgli ; 2, warai ; 3, 

 niger seed (Guizotia Abysdniea) ; 4 to 9, fallow. (J. 

 A. Voelcker, Improvement of Indian Agriculture, 

 p. 235.) 



Literature. 



In addition to works mentioned in the text, con- 

 sult the Yearbook, United States Department of 

 Agriculture, Washington, D. C, 1902, pp. 519-532, 

 for modern American systems. The Complete Far- 

 mer, London, England, five editions between 1767 

 and 1807, contains many examples of rotations in 

 use in Europe previous to and at this period. The 

 writings of Sinclair and Arthur Young contain 

 many examples of rotations in use in Europe, and 

 the Journals of the Royal Agricultural Society of 

 England and the Highland and Agricultural Society 

 of Scotland contain frequent reference to this topic. 

 The reports of the Boards of Agriculture of some 

 of the eastern states contain articles on this 

 subject. Current agricultural books give some 

 attention to rotations. 



A systematic rotation of crops is more commonly 

 practised in Great Britain, Ireland and other coun- 

 tries of northern and central Europe and in the 

 eastern parts of the United States and Canada, than 

 elsewhere. The subject has received but little at- 

 tention in Australia, and practically none in Alaska, 

 Philippine Islands, Central and South America and 

 the greater parts of Africa and Asia. This note 

 will guide the reader where to look for literature. 



